10.18160/R3G6-Z8ZH ICOS RI Aalto, Juho Juho Aalto Aaltonen, Hermanni Hermanni Aaltonen Aiguier, Thomas Thomas Aiguier Akubia, John John Akubia Alivernini, Alessandro Alessandro Alivernini Aluome, Christelle Christelle Aluome Andersson, Tommy Tommy Andersson Arriga, Nicola Nicola Arriga Aurela, Mika Mika Aurela 0000-0002-4046-7225 Back, Jaana Jaana Back Bagheri, Shirin Shirin Bagheri Barten, Johannes Johannes Barten 0000-0001-6534-1410 Bastos Campos, Flavio Flavio Bastos Campos 0000-0002-1235-2447 Baur, Thomas Thomas Baur Bazot, Stéphane Stéphane Bazot Beauclair, Patrick Patrick Beauclair Becker, Nils Nils Becker 0000-0003-4870-7622 Belelli Marchesini, Luca Luca Belelli Marchesini 0000-0001-8408-4675 Bergström, Gunnar Gunnar Bergström 0000-0001-5641-1974 Bernhofer, Christian Christian Bernhofer Berveiller, Daniel Daniel Berveiller 0000-0001-7461-6420 Biermann, Tobias Tobias Biermann 0000-0001-8538-1495 Bloor, Juliette Juliette Bloor 0000-0002-8668-1323 Bodson, Bernard Bernard Bodson Bogaerts, Gaëtan Gaëtan Bogaerts Bortoli, Massimo Massimo Bortoli Boschetti, Fabio Fabio Boschetti Bosio, Isabelle Isabelle Bosio Bresseleers, Seppe Seppe Bresseleers Brümmer, Christian Christian Brümmer 0000-0001-6621-5010 Buchmann, Nina Nina Buchmann 0000-0003-0826-2980 Burri, Susanne Susanne Burri 0000-0002-8361-6358 Buysse, Pauline Pauline Buysse Båth, Anders Anders Båth Calandrelli, Davide Davide Calandrelli Callaghan, Nathan Nathan Callaghan 0000-0003-0273-6161 Cash, James James Cash 0000-0002-8567-1377 Cavagna, Mauro Mauro Cavagna Chabbi, Abad Abad Chabbi 0000-0002-6567-4562 Chebbi, Wafa Wafa Chebbi Chebil, Brahim Brahim Chebil Chianucci, Francesco Francesco Chianucci Chipeaux, Christophe Christophe Chipeaux Chopin, Henri Henri Chopin Cobbe, Ivo Ivo Cobbe 0000-0001-7898-380X Colosse, David David Colosse Conte, Adriano Adriano Conte 0000-0002-1309-2923 Corsanici, Roberto Roberto Corsanici Courtois, Pascal Pascal Courtois Coyle, Mhairi Mhairi Coyle 0000-0002-9440-6524 Crill, Patrick Patrick Crill Cuntz, Matthias Matthias Cuntz 0000-0002-5966-1829 Cuocolo, Donato Donato Cuocolo Czerný, Radek Radek Czerný 0000-0002-0381-8620 DEPUYDT, Jeremie Jeremie DEPUYDT Darenová, Eva Eva Darenová 0000-0002-2666-6869 Darsonville, Olivier Olivier Darsonville 0009-0003-5568-6660 De Ligne, Anne Anne De Ligne De Meulder, Tim Tim De Meulder 0000-0002-0744-8591 De Simon, Giuseppe Giuseppe De Simon Decau, Marie-Laure Marie-Laure Decau Dejosez, Sophie Sophie Dejosez Dell'Acqua, Alessandro Alessandro Dell'Acqua Delorme, Jean-Pierre Jean-Pierre Delorme 0000-0002-3287-8622 Delpierre, Nicolas Nicolas Delpierre 0000-0003-0906-9402 Demoulin, Loïc Loïc Demoulin Denou, Jean-Luc Jean-Luc Denou Di Tommasi, Paul Paul Di Tommasi 0000-0003-1391-3231 Dienstbach, Laura Laura Dienstbach Dignam, Rowan Rowan Dignam Dolfus, Daniel Daniel Dolfus Domec, Jean-Christophe Jean-Christophe Domec 0000-0003-0478-2559 Douxfils, Bernard Bernard Douxfils Dufrêne, Eric Eric Dufrêne Dumont, Benjamin Benjamin Dumont 0000-0001-8411-3990 Durand, Brigitte Brigitte Durand Eichelmann, Uwe Uwe Eichelmann Engelmann, Thibaut Thibaut Engelmann Esposito, Andrea Andrea Esposito Esser, Odilia Odilia Esser Etzold, Sophia Sophia Etzold Eugster, Werner Werner Eugster 0000-0001-6067-0741 Famulari, Daniela Daniela Famulari 0000-0002-2388-9282 Fares, Silvano Silvano Fares 0000-0002-1990-0928 Faurès, Ariane Ariane Faurès Feigenwinter, Iris Iris Feigenwinter 0000-0001-7493-6790 Feldmann, Isabella Isabella Feldmann Ferrara, Carlotta Carlotta Ferrara 0000-0001-5249-1196 Fincham, William William Fincham 0000-0003-0614-3937 Fischer, Milan Milan Fischer 0000-0002-7841-9317 Folino, Giorgio Giorgio Folino Foltýnová, Lenka Lenka Foltýnová 0000-0001-8202-955X Francois, Christophe Christophe Francois Fusaro, Lina Lina Fusaro 0000-0003-3316-707X Galliot, Jean-Noel Jean-Noel Galliot 0000-0003-2862-6286 Garcia Quiros, Inmaculada Inmaculada Garcia Quiros Garrigou, Cyriane Cyriane Garrigou Gastal, Francois Francois Gastal 0000-0001-9191-5916 Gessler, Arthur Arthur Gessler Gharun, Mana Mana Gharun 0000-0003-0337-7367 Gianelle, Damiano Damiano Gianelle 0000-0001-7697-5793 Gimper, Sebastian Sebastian Gimper Girardin, Charlotte Charlotte Girardin Goded, Ignacio Ignacio Goded Graf, Alexander Alexander Graf 0000-0003-4870-7622 Grenier, Maude Maude Grenier 0000-0002-3153-0616 Grudd, Håkan Håkan Grudd 0000-0002-9033-2505 Gruenwald, Thomas Thomas Gruenwald 0000-0003-2263-0073 Guillot, Timothé Timothé Guillot Gustafsson, Jonas Jonas Gustafsson Guzman, Ricardo Ricardo Guzman Harvey, Duncan Duncan Harvey 0009-0003-9102-5413 Hatakka, Juha Juha Hatakka Haustein, Andreas Andreas Haustein Hautmann, David David Hautmann Hehn, Markus Markus Hehn Heinesch, Bernard Bernard Heinesch 0000-0001-7594-6341 Helfter, Carole Carole Helfter 0000-0001-5773-4652 Heliasz, Michal Michal Heliasz 0000-0003-2635-9604 Hildebrandt, Anke Anke Hildebrandt Holst, Jutta Jutta Holst 0000-0001-8719-1927 Holst, Thomas Thomas Holst 0000-0002-3360-9395 Hortnagl, Lukas Lukas Hortnagl 0000-0002-5569-0761 Hug, Christian Christian Hug Huguet, Christophe Christophe Huguet Hummel, Dominik Dominik Hummel Häni, Mattias Mattias Häni Hüglin, Christoph Christoph Hüglin Ibrom, Andreas Andreas Ibrom 0000-0002-1341-921X Ilardi, Filippo Filippo Ilardi Jackowicz-Korczynski, Marcin Antoni Marcin Antoni Jackowicz-Korczynski 0000-0002-6574-5703 Janssens, Ivan Ivan Janssens 0000-0002-5705-1787 Jensen, Rasmus Rasmus Jensen 0000-0001-8478-644X Jocher, Georg Georg Jocher 0000-0003-2667-6140 Joetzjer, Emilie Emilie Joetzjer 0000-0001-6781-1535 Jones, Matthew Matthew Jones 0000-0002-2006-8809 Kalalian, Carmen Carmen Kalalian Kempf, Jean Jean Kempf Kempka, Paul Paul Kempka Kettler, Martina Martina Kettler Klimo, Pavol Pavol Klimo Kljun, Natascha Natascha Kljun 0000-0001-9650-2184 Klumpp, Katja Katja Klumpp 0000-0002-4799-5231 Kolari, Pasi Pasi Kolari Kornacher, Peter Peter Kornacher 0009-0008-8733-6098 Korrensalo, Aino Aino Korrensalo Kowalska, Natalia Natalia Kowalska 0000-0002-7366-7231 Kozii, Nataliia Nataliia Kozii Krejza, Jan Jan Krejza 0000-0003-2475-2111 Kristoffersson, Annika Annika Kristoffersson Kruijt, Bart Bart Kruijt 0000-0002-6186-1731 Kruszewski, Alain Alain Kruszewski Kumar, Simpal Simpal Kumar Kummer, Sirgit Sirgit Kummer Laakso, Heikki Heikki Laakso Lafont, Sebastien Sebastien Lafont 0000-0002-9605-8092 Lange, Holger Holger Lange 0000-0001-7099-8740 Lange Rønn, Erik Erik Lange Rønn Larmanou, Eric Eric Larmanou 0000-0002-6427-8859 Laurila, Tuomas Tuomas Laurila 0000-0002-1967-0624 Leeson, Sarah Sarah Leeson 0009-0001-3132-3473 Lefevre, Lodewijk Lodewijk Lefevre Lehner, Irene Irene Lehner 0000-0002-2263-6734 Levula, Janne Janne Levula Levy, Peter Peter Levy 0000-0002-8505-1901 Liechti, Kathi Kathi Liechti Lily, Jean-Baptiste Jean-Baptiste Lily Limousin, Jean-Marc Jean-Marc Limousin 0000-0002-2734-2495 Linderson, Maj-Lena Maj-Lena Linderson Lindgren, Kim Kim Lindgren Lodsgaard Justesen, Mads Mads Lodsgaard Justesen Lofvenius, Pernilla Pernilla Lofvenius Lohila, Annalea Annalea Lohila 0000-0003-3541-672X Longdoz, Bernard Bernard Longdoz 0000-0002-7737-8226 Lootens, Ron Ron Lootens Loubet, Benjamin Benjamin Loubet Loustau, Denis Denis Loustau Lundin, Erik Erik Lundin 0000-0002-3785-8305 López-Blanco, Efrén Efrén López-Blanco 0000-0002-3796-8408 Mammarella, Ivan Ivan Mammarella 0000-0002-8516-3356 Manco, Antonio Antonio Manco Manise, Tanguy Tanguy Manise 0000-0003-0921-3435 Marcolla, Barbara Barbara Marcolla 0000-0001-6357-4616 Marek, Michal V. Michal V. Marek 0000-0003-3349-8987 Marklund, Per Per Marklund 0000-0001-7264-5498 Marloie, Olivier Olivier Marloie Martin, Raphael Raphael Martin 0000-0001-8778-7915 Martin - Saint Paul, Nicolas Nicolas Martin - Saint Paul 0000-0001-7574-0108 Marty, Mauro Mauro Marty Matilainen, Teemu Teemu Matilainen Mattes, Judith Judith Mattes Matteucci, Marco Marco Matteucci Mauder, Matthias Matthias Mauder 0000-0002-8789-163X Meier, Philip Philip Meier 0000-0001-7789-7002 Meire, Alexander Alexander Meire 0000-0003-0713-4039 Meis, Julia Julia Meis Meissner, Helge Helge Meissner Mensah, Caleb Caleb Mensah Michaud, Luc Luc Michaud Minerbi, Stefano Stefano Minerbi 0000-0002-6620-2735 Moderow, Uta Uta Moderow Molder, Meelis Meelis Molder 0000-0001-6767-3195 Montagnani, Leonardo Leonardo Montagnani 0000-0003-2957-9071 Moretti, Valerio Valerio Moretti Morfin, Alexandre Alexandre Morfin Mullinger, Neil Neil Mullinger 0000-0002-3148-6950 Mäkelä, Timo Timo Mäkelä Männikkö, Milja Milja Männikkö Männistö, Elisa Elisa Männistö Møller, Flemming Flemming Møller Naiken, Alwin Alwin Naiken Naseer, Mahum Mahum Naseer Nemitz, Eiko Eiko Nemitz 0000-0002-1765-6298 Nezval, Ondrej Ondrej Nezval Nilsson, Mats Mats Nilsson 0000-0003-3765-6399 Ocallaghan, Felicity Felicity Ocallaghan Orgun, Ayche Ayche Orgun Ottosson-Löfvenius, Mikaell Mikaell Ottosson-Löfvenius Ourcival, Jean-Marc Jean-Marc Ourcival 0000-0002-3557-3496 Paasch, Simon Simon Paasch Pavelka, Marian Marian Pavelka 0000-0002-7339-3410 Pavot, Lain Lain Pavot 0009-0007-1841-4358 Peichl, Matthias Matthias Peichl 0000-0002-9940-5846 Perot-Guillaume, Clotilde Clotilde Perot-Guillaume Perrot, Cedric Cedric Perrot Pihlatie, Mari Mari Pihlatie Pilegaard, Kim Kim Pilegaard 0000-0002-5169-5717 Piret, André André Piret Prasse, Heiko Heiko Prasse Pumpanen, Jukka Jukka Pumpanen Rainne, Juuso Juuso Rainne 0000-0001-8708-0688 Rakos, Niklas Niklas Rakos 0000-0002-5268-5799 Rebmann, Corinna Corinna Rebmann 0000-0002-8665-0375 Rebmann, Corinna Corinna Rebmann Rinne, Janne Janne Rinne 0000-0003-1168-7138 Rodeghiero, Mirco Mirco Rodeghiero 0000-0003-3228-4557 Roland, Marilyn Marilyn Roland 0000-0002-5770-3896 Rudd, Daniel Daniel Rudd 0000-0002-6013-3660 Ryhti, Kira Kira Ryhti Røjle Christensen, Torben Torben Røjle Christensen 0000-0002-4917-148X Schaarup Sørensen, Jens Jens Schaarup Sørensen Schmidt, Marius Marius Schmidt 0000-0001-5292-7092 Schmidt, Patrick Patrick Schmidt Schmitt Oehler, Maria Maria Schmitt Oehler Schrader, Frederik Frederik Schrader 0000-0002-5668-3467 Segers, Jan Jan Segers Shivhalli Gopal, Akarsh Akarsh Shivhalli Gopal Simioni, Guillaume Guillaume Simioni Smith, Paul Paul Smith 0000-0002-3773-1419 Snellen, Henk Henk Snellen Sorgi, Tiziano Tiziano Sorgi Soudani, Kamel Kamel Soudani Staník, Karel Karel Staník Staudinger, Markus Markus Staudinger Stecher, Martin Martin Stecher Stutz, Tanja Tanja Stutz Suopajärvi, Sami Sami Suopajärvi Sutter, Flurin Flurin Sutter Taipale, Risto Risto Taipale 0000-0002-4225-256X Tenca, Fabio Fabio Tenca 0000-0002-2062-9020 Thimonier Rickenmann, Anne Anne Thimonier Rickenmann Thomas, Abin Abin Thomas Thyrion, Thibaut Thibaut Thyrion Tomelleri, Enrico Enrico Tomelleri 0000-0001-6546-6459 Trotsiuk, Volodymyr Volodymyr Trotsiuk Trusina, Jan Jan Trusina 0000-0001-9703-6250 Tuittila, Eeva-Stiina Eeva-Stiina Tuittila Tuovinen, Juha-Pekka Juha-Pekka Tuovinen 0000-0001-7857-036X Tyssandier, Jacques Jacques Tyssandier Van Look, Jasper Jasper Van Look Vande Sompele, Arne Arne Vande Sompele Vandome, Eilidh Eilidh Vandome 0009-0006-1198-6401 Varjonen, Samu Samu Varjonen Ventura, Maurizio Maurizio Ventura Vesala, Timo Timo Vesala Vescovo, Loris Loris Vescovo 0000-0001-8212-8320 Vincent, Gaëlle Gaëlle Vincent Vincke, Caroline Caroline Vincke 0000-0003-4296-2390 Vitale, Luca Luca Vitale 0000-0002-7637-264X Vágner, Lukáš Lukáš Vágner Waldner, Peter Peter Waldner Wiesen, Robert Robert Wiesen Wilhelm, Micah Micah Wilhelm Winck, Bruna Bruna Winck 0000-0002-7996-9855 Yeung, Karen Karen Yeung 0009-0006-0400-3980 Zampedri, Roberto Roberto Zampedri Zenone, Terenzio Terenzio Zenone 0000-0001-6814-5925 Zhao, Hong Hong Zhao 0000-0001-8090-3450 Zhao, Junbin Junbin Zhao 0000-0001-5142-4901 Zhu, Joachim Joachim Zhu Zimmermann, Stephan Stephan Zimmermann Zweifel, Roman Roman Zweifel 0000-0001-9438-0582 de Berranger, Christophe Christophe de Berranger van Dijk, Netty Netty van Dijk van der Molen, Michiel Michiel van der Molen 0000-0003-4992-2420 Šigut, Ladislav Ladislav Šigut 0000-0003-1951-4100 Šlížek, Jirí Jirí Šlížek ICOS ETC ICOS ERIC -- Carbon Portal 2026 zipped csv and pdf files ICOS carbon flux meteo 2025-11-24 Arbitrary ZIP archive ICOS ETC half-hourly product CSV 1.0 Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International This is the 2025-2 INTERIM release of the ICOS final quality ecosystem data product that includes eddy covariance fluxes, meteorological observations, ancillary and biometric data and full metadata at 38 labelled ICOS stations in the ecosystem domain. The archives contain more detailed description of the different data files contained in the archives. Please note that the 2025 measurements included in this interim release don't cover the full year, but do essentially cover the growing season. Measurements have been collected using the following instructions: ICOS Ecosystem Instructions for Air Meteorological Measurements (TA, RH, PA, WS, WD), https://doi.org/10.18160/NHEG-4KWW ICOS Ecosystem Instructions for Turbulent Flux Measurements of CO2, Energy and Momentum, https://doi.org/10.18160/QWV4-639G 61.840637 24.248324 24.188917 24.298494 61.831015 61.850135 51.307501 4.519082 4.515144 4.522698 51.305305 51.309808 48.681572 16.946371 16.945855 16.946648 48.681342 48.681736 50.866306 6.447113 6.443328 6.450031 50.864243 50.868881 68.355815 19.046359 19.042551 19.049756 68.353865 68.357577 46.812632 9.85474 9.852562 9.856357 46.806716 46.815803 48.477323 2.78504 2.775239 2.797949 48.47323 48.480944 46.415083 0.12059 0.120494 0.120694 46.413946 46.416277 74.47833 -20.554458 -20.555937 -20.552098 74.47195 74.481538 52.166362 5.743657 5.74307 5.744135 52.16619 52.166516 46.586827 11.433826 11.433547 11.434124 46.586562 46.587144 50.305056 5.998318 5.991937 6.005068 50.301419 50.308931 50.962661 13.56465 13.563438 13.565431 50.962365 50.962859 49.502146 18.537493 18.536395 18.538689 49.501424 49.502723 55.486209 11.645995 11.638551 11.65545 55.482406 55.489358 43.240777 5.678693 5.678512 5.678868 43.240653 43.240972 48.843094 1.951392 1.945698 1.956129 48.838216 48.846378 41.704595 12.357228 12.351932 12.362315 41.701695 41.707928 43.729991 10.290436 10.284183 10.297174 43.724267 43.733777 56.095971 13.418588 13.411258 13.428155 56.091744 56.100256 55.792575 -3.243461 -3.243975 -3.242577 55.791912 55.793174 64.254668 19.772607 19.756917 19.786657 64.243745 64.263441 50.551692 4.745611 4.741999 4.749457 50.549445 50.553353 67.364889 26.636021 26.622609 26.648461 67.357211 67.371736 64.182196 19.556998 19.551374 19.562112 64.180297 64.184271 48.674377 7.063418 7.056779 7.069819 48.670131 48.67895 60.086455 17.479541 17.473574 17.485386 60.083505 60.089389 46.014566 11.045176 11.041491 11.048407 46.013428 46.015675 50.311873 4.967948 4.966212 4.969793 50.310563 50.313058 51.100351 10.914148 10.908073 10.920169 51.096267 51.104428 44.493834 -0.956201 -0.959856 -0.952677 44.491407 44.496272 40.523909 14.957431 14.955088 14.959649 40.522279 40.525717 50.9798 5.631586 5.630596 5.632947 50.979056 50.980456 52.086057 11.221715 11.215986 11.22865 52.0834 52.08821 45.644322 2.734957 2.732832 2.737074 45.642839 45.645805 43.741858 3.596725 3.592595 3.599779 43.73925 43.744571 NO-Hur 60.37163 11.07949 Service Public de Wallonie - Agriculture, Ressources Naturelles, Environnement ICOS-2 : Integrated Carbon Observation System-Research Infrastructure (ICOS-RI) Service Public de Wallonie - Direction générale opérationnelle de l'Economie, de l'Emploi et de la Recherche ICOS-WB: Integrated Carbon Observation System-Wallonia Bruxelles Service Public de Wallonie - Agriculture, Ressources Naturelles, Environnement ICOS-2 : Integrated Carbon Observation System-Research Infrastructure (ICOS-RI) Service Public de Wallonie - Direction générale opérationnelle de l'Economie, de l'Emploi et de la Recherche ICOS-WB: Integrated Carbon Observation System-Wallonia Bruxelles Service Public de Wallonie - Agriculture, Ressources Naturelles, Environnement ICOS-2 : Integrated Carbon Observation System-Research Infrastructure (ICOS-RI) Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) ICOS-CH Phase 2 20FI20_173691 State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation (SERI) Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) ICOS-CH Phase 3 20FI20_198227 Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) ICOS-CH Phase 4 20FI-0_229655 ETH Zurich Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic CzeCOS LM2018123 Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic CzeCOS LM2023048 Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic CzeCOS LM2018123 Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic CzeCOS LM2023048 Freistaat Sachsen C-Speicherung und -Freisetzung aus Böden unter landwirtschaftlicher und forstlicher Nutzung 1-0452/147/158 Freistaat Sachsen Sicherstellung des Treibhausgasmonitorings an sächsischen ICOS-Standorten 65-0456/49/10 Freistaat Sachsen Sicherstellung des Treibhausgasmonitorings an sächsischen ICOS-Standorten 65-0456/46/28 Freistaat Sachsen Sicherstellung des Treibhausgasmonitorings an sächsischen ICOS-Standorten 65-0456/56/1 Freistaat Sachsen Sicherstellung des Treibhausgasmonitorings an sächsischen ICOS-Standorten 65-0456/56/23 Freistaat Sachsen Sicherstellung des Treibhausgasmonitorings an sächsischen ICOS-Standorten 65-0456/57/29 Danish Agency for Higher Education and Science ICOS/DK - Dansk infrastruktur til måling af drivhusgasser i atmosfæren og deres udveksling med økosystemerne 5072-00008B Ministère de l'Enseignement Supérieur, de la Recherche et de l'Innovation Stratégie nationale des infrastructures de recherche Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO) Ruisdael Observatory for Atmospheric Research National Roadmap for Large-Scale Research Facilities Swedish Research Council National Research Infrastructure ICOS Sweden 2015-06020 Swedish Research Council National Research Infrastructure ICOS Sweden 2019-00205 Swedish Research Council National Research Infrastructure ICOS Sweden 2023-00172 Swedish Research Council National Research Infrastructure ICOS Sweden 2015-06020 Swedish Research Council National Research Infrastructure ICOS Sweden 2019-00205 Swedish Research Council National Research Infrastructure ICOS Sweden 2023-00172 Swedish Research Council National Research Infrastructure ICOS Sweden 2015-06020 Swedish Research Council National Research Infrastructure ICOS Sweden 2019-00205 Swedish Research Council National Research Infrastructure ICOS Sweden 2023-00172 Swedish Research Council National Research Infrastructure ICOS Sweden 2019-00205 Swedish Research Council National Research Infrastructure ICOS Sweden 2023-00172 Swedish Research Council National Research Infrastructure ICOS Sweden 2015-06020 Swedish Research Council National Research Infrastructure ICOS Sweden 2019-00205 Swedish Research Council National Research Infrastructure ICOS Sweden 2023-00172 Natural Environmental Research Council (NERC) UK-SCAPE National capability (NC) funding Natural Environmental Research Council (NERC) UK Status, Change and Projections of the Environment (UK-SCAPE) National Capability Science Single Centre award (award number NE/R016429/1) Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) UKCEH National Capability for UK Challenges programme NE/Y006208/1