This study was aimed at contributing to the ecosystem approach to fisheries management with a study on the effect of fishing on bottom food webs. The main objective was to reconstruct and describe the food web of Mullus barbatus (red mullet) and to relate it to the level of fishing pressure. The adopted approach was based on the following steps: oestimate of the production to biomass ratio (P/B) of soft bottom benthos; oanalysis of the trophic level of soft bottom benthic taxa (potential food source for red mullet); oanalysis of the trophic level of potential predators of red mullet. The study was carried out in May 2005 in four areas off the northern Sicily coast, two excluded to trawl fishing since 1990 (Gulf of Castellammare, GCAST and Gulf of Patti, GPATT), and two trawled (Gulf of Termini Imerese, GTERM and Gulf of Sant'Agata di Militello, GSANT). The experimental design included three factors: Protection (fixed with two levels: protected PR and unprotected NPR), Gulf (random and nested in the Protection factor with two levels: GCAST and GPATT for PR and GSANT and GTERM for NPR), and Sector (fixed with three levels: W, C and E). Fish (=predators) and benthos (=prey) samples were collected in the coastal terrigenous mud assemblage (VTC), which hosts the preferential habitat of red mullet. The red mullet food web was reconstructed by means of the values of isotopic ratios ?13C and ?15N, used for tracing the origin of the organic matter in the food and for assessing the trophic levels respectively. These were the main results: i.the P/B ratio was higher in the two protected gulfs. The abundance of benthos was higher in GCAST, whereas its biomass did not differ significantly among locations; ii.the composition of the benthic assemblage was different among locations; iii.considering the prey of red mullet, carnivores and deposit feeders were less abundant in GTERM than in the other gulfs; their biomass did not differ among locations; iv.the ?15N value of benthic taxa was higher in GCAST, whereas the value of ?13C was higher in the unprotected gulfs. ?15N of trophic guilds was higher in GCAST and GTERM, showing the following trend: carnivores > non selective deposit feeders > selective deposit feeders. ?13C of trophic guilds was higher in the unprotected locations; v.the value of ?15N of potential predators was higher in the protected gulfs, whereas ?13C did not differ among locations. According to isotopic compatibility - that is comparing the values of ?13C and ?15N of red mullet to its potential predators - only Epinephelus aeneus (white grouper) could prey upon the red mullet at all locations. Other fish species could be predators but not everywhere, due to the different values of carbon and nitrogen isotopes in their tissues at each location. The outcomes of this study have allowed to reconstruct the food web of a demersal species of major importance for Italian fisheries. The knowledge on the composition and trophic structure of the terrigenous mud assemblage has been enhanced, and an effect of trawl fishing on that assemblage has been shown. The identified patterns did not show any effect at the protection level, yet rather a clear effect at the location level, with the Gulf of Castellammare clearly separated from the other protected and unprotected gulfs.
Questo studio intende fornire un contributo all'approccio ecosistemico alla gestione delle risorse pescabili, tramite una indagine sugli effetti della pesca sulle reti trofiche demersali. L'obiettivo generale della ricerca è stato quello di ricostruire e descrivere la rete trofica di Mullus barbatus (triglia di fango) e metterla in relazione allo stato di sfruttamento da pesca. L'approccio adottato ha previsto il raggiungimento dei seguenti obiettivi specifici: ostima del rapporto produzione/biomassa (P/B) del benthos di fondo mobile; oanalisi del livello trofico del benthos di fondo mobile (potenziali prede della triglia); oanalisi del livello trofico dei potenziali predatori della triglia. Lo studio è stato condotto nel maggio 2005 in quattro aree della Sicilia settentrionale, due protette dal 1990 tramite divieto di pesca a strascico (Golfo di Castellammare, GCAST e Golfo di Patti, GPATT), e due non protette (Golfo di Termini Imerese, GTERM e Golfo di Sant'Agata di Militello, GSANT). Il disegno sperimentale ha previsto 3 fattori: Protezione (fisso con 2 livelli: Protetto, PR e Non Protetto, NPR), Golfo (random e nested nel fattore Protezione con 2 livelli: GCAST e GPATT per PR e GSANT e GTERM per NPR) e Settore (fisso con 3 livelli W, C ed E). I campioni di pesci (=predatori) e di benthos (=prede) sono stati raccolti nella biocenosi che ospita l'habitat preferenziale della triglia, cioè i fanghi terrigeni costieri (VTC). La rete trofica della triglia è stata ricostruita utilizzando il valore assunto dai rapporti isotopici ?13C e ?15N, rispettivamente per tracciare l'origine della sostanza organica nell'alimento, e per calcolare i livelli trofici. Questi i principali risultati: i.il rapporto P/B è risultato più elevato nelle due località protette. L'abbondanza numerica del benthos totale è stata maggiore in GCAST, mentre la biomassa tra le quattro località non è risultata significativamente differente; ii.la composizione del popolamento bentonico è risultata diversa fra le quattro località; iii.fra le prede della triglia, sia carnivori che detritivori sono risultati meno abbondanti numericamente in GTERM rispetto agli altri golfi; la loro biomassa non è risultata differente fra le località; iv.il valore di ?15N dei taxa bentonici è risultato superiore in GCAST, mentre ?13C al contrario è risultato superiore nelle località non protette. Il valore di ?15N delle categorie trofiche è risultato maggiore in GCAST e GTERM, con carnivori > detritivori non selettivi > detritivori selettivi. ?13C delle categorie trofiche è risultato maggiore nei due golfi non protetti rispetto a quelli protetti; v.il valore di ?15N dei potenziali predatori è risultato maggiore nei due golfi protetti, mentre il ?13C non ha mostrato differenze significative. In base alla compatibilità isotopica - cioè al valore di ?13C e ?15N nella triglia e nei suoi potenziali predatori - soltanto una specie, Epinephelus aeneus (cernia bianca) sarebbe un predatore potenziale in tutte le località. Altre specie potrebbero esserlo ma non in tutte le località, a causa dei diversi valori degli isotopi di carbonio e azoto. Questo studio ha fornito gli elementi per ricostruire la rete trofica di una delle specie demersali più importanti dei mari italiani. Sono state arricchite le conoscenze sulla composizione e caratterizzazione trofica delle comunità bentoniche dei fanghi terrigeni costieri, ed è stato mostrato l'effetto della pesca a strascico sulle medesime. I pattern riscontrati non evidenziano tuttavia un effetto-protezione con differenze nette fra i golfi protetti dallo strascico e quelli non protetti, quanto piuttosto una distinzione abbastanza netta tra il Golfo di Castellammare e le altre località.
Prede e predatori della triglia di fango Mullus barbatus L.: un approccio con gli isotopi stabili di carbonio e azoto
D'ANNA G;PIPITONE C
2007
Abstract
This study was aimed at contributing to the ecosystem approach to fisheries management with a study on the effect of fishing on bottom food webs. The main objective was to reconstruct and describe the food web of Mullus barbatus (red mullet) and to relate it to the level of fishing pressure. The adopted approach was based on the following steps: oestimate of the production to biomass ratio (P/B) of soft bottom benthos; oanalysis of the trophic level of soft bottom benthic taxa (potential food source for red mullet); oanalysis of the trophic level of potential predators of red mullet. The study was carried out in May 2005 in four areas off the northern Sicily coast, two excluded to trawl fishing since 1990 (Gulf of Castellammare, GCAST and Gulf of Patti, GPATT), and two trawled (Gulf of Termini Imerese, GTERM and Gulf of Sant'Agata di Militello, GSANT). The experimental design included three factors: Protection (fixed with two levels: protected PR and unprotected NPR), Gulf (random and nested in the Protection factor with two levels: GCAST and GPATT for PR and GSANT and GTERM for NPR), and Sector (fixed with three levels: W, C and E). Fish (=predators) and benthos (=prey) samples were collected in the coastal terrigenous mud assemblage (VTC), which hosts the preferential habitat of red mullet. The red mullet food web was reconstructed by means of the values of isotopic ratios ?13C and ?15N, used for tracing the origin of the organic matter in the food and for assessing the trophic levels respectively. These were the main results: i.the P/B ratio was higher in the two protected gulfs. The abundance of benthos was higher in GCAST, whereas its biomass did not differ significantly among locations; ii.the composition of the benthic assemblage was different among locations; iii.considering the prey of red mullet, carnivores and deposit feeders were less abundant in GTERM than in the other gulfs; their biomass did not differ among locations; iv.the ?15N value of benthic taxa was higher in GCAST, whereas the value of ?13C was higher in the unprotected gulfs. ?15N of trophic guilds was higher in GCAST and GTERM, showing the following trend: carnivores > non selective deposit feeders > selective deposit feeders. ?13C of trophic guilds was higher in the unprotected locations; v.the value of ?15N of potential predators was higher in the protected gulfs, whereas ?13C did not differ among locations. According to isotopic compatibility - that is comparing the values of ?13C and ?15N of red mullet to its potential predators - only Epinephelus aeneus (white grouper) could prey upon the red mullet at all locations. Other fish species could be predators but not everywhere, due to the different values of carbon and nitrogen isotopes in their tissues at each location. The outcomes of this study have allowed to reconstruct the food web of a demersal species of major importance for Italian fisheries. The knowledge on the composition and trophic structure of the terrigenous mud assemblage has been enhanced, and an effect of trawl fishing on that assemblage has been shown. The identified patterns did not show any effect at the protection level, yet rather a clear effect at the location level, with the Gulf of Castellammare clearly separated from the other protected and unprotected gulfs.I documenti in IRIS sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.


