Geographical Information Systems (GIS) since its inception in the late 1960s have seen an increasing rate of theoretical, technological and organizational development. Developments in each decade of the last 50 years highlight particular innovations in this fi eld. The mid 1960s witnessed the initial development of GIS in combining spatially referenced data, spatial data models and data visualization. The early 1970s witnessed the ability of computer mapping in automatic map drafting and using data format. In the 1980s, computer mapping capabilities have been merged with traditional database management systems capabilities to generate spatial database management systems. Accordingly, the ability to select, sort, extract, classify and display geographic data on the basis of complex topological and statistical criteria was available to users. The 1990s saw map analysis and modeling advances in GIS, and these systems became real management information tools as computing power increased. During this decade, the Open GIS Consortium, aimed at developing publicly available geo- processing specifi cations, was founded. Since 2000, with the advent of Web 2.0, mobile, and wireless technologies, GIS have been moving towards an era in which the power of such systems is continuously increasing in multiple facets consisting of computing, visualizing, mining, reasoning data. The latest changes in technologies and trends have brought new challenges and opportunities in GIS domain. Specifi cally, mobile and internet devices, Cloud computing, NoSQL databases, Semantic Web, Web services offer new ways of accessing, analyzing, and elaborating geospatial information in both real-world and virtual spaces. This book presents the latest developments, trends and technologies in GIS. It addresses the following areas: Big data, Cloud computing, NoSQL Geographic Databases, Web services, Geoprocessing-Scientifi c workfl ow, Mobile GIS, Spatial Data Warehousing-OLAP, and Semantic similarity. The general aim of this book is to offer a comprehensive overview of the methodological aspects of such technologies and their applications in GIS, and also to outline the major challenges and future perspectives. The book comprises ten chapters. Chapters 1 to 4 focus on the effi cient storage, indexing and querying of huge amount of distributed geographic data. In particular, Chapter 1 provides an overview of the various technologies necessary to build a functional array analytics system for geospatial data. Chapter 2 focuses on spatial similarity join techniques, and describes the design and implementation of MapReduce-based Similarity Join algorithms for large geographical data. Chapter 3 describes spatial indexing techniques in the cloud environments and presents an analysis of data modelling and the basic operations of cloud data managements such as HBase and Cassandra. Chapter 4 provides an overview of the main NoSQL systems that cope with geographical data. Chapters 5 to 7 address effi cient geographic data exchanging and geographic data sharing over a network through Web services as well as effi cient geographic data processing supported by scientifi c workfl ow to facilitate a vast range of scientifi c activities such as simulation, data modeling and visualization. Chapter 5, specifi cally, focuses on combining of traditional web services with geographical web services. Chapter 6 discusses frameworks to enhance the semantics in GIS Web Services, such as the Web services WMS (Web Map Service) and WFS (Web Feature Service). Chapter 7 discusses Geo-enabled Model Web from the perspective of geoprocessing web services and geoscientifi c workfl ows, and explores opportunities and implications by jointly applying these technologies to various scenarios. Chapter 8 presents an overview of the mobile-oriented geospatial applications and explores the problems of combining GIS and Semantic Web techniques within a smartphone working off-line. Chapter 9 explores the existing research related to Spatial DWs, spatial ETL, and SOLAP, and investigates various stages of the development process that use available free software. Finally, Chapter 10 presents an overview of methods for measuring semantic similarity of geographic data based on weighted ontology. The primary target audience for the book includes researchers, application specialists and developers, practitioners and students who work or have an interest in the area of integrating GIS with the latest technologies.
Geographical Information Systems: Trends and Technologies
Elaheh Pourabbas
2014
Abstract
Geographical Information Systems (GIS) since its inception in the late 1960s have seen an increasing rate of theoretical, technological and organizational development. Developments in each decade of the last 50 years highlight particular innovations in this fi eld. The mid 1960s witnessed the initial development of GIS in combining spatially referenced data, spatial data models and data visualization. The early 1970s witnessed the ability of computer mapping in automatic map drafting and using data format. In the 1980s, computer mapping capabilities have been merged with traditional database management systems capabilities to generate spatial database management systems. Accordingly, the ability to select, sort, extract, classify and display geographic data on the basis of complex topological and statistical criteria was available to users. The 1990s saw map analysis and modeling advances in GIS, and these systems became real management information tools as computing power increased. During this decade, the Open GIS Consortium, aimed at developing publicly available geo- processing specifi cations, was founded. Since 2000, with the advent of Web 2.0, mobile, and wireless technologies, GIS have been moving towards an era in which the power of such systems is continuously increasing in multiple facets consisting of computing, visualizing, mining, reasoning data. The latest changes in technologies and trends have brought new challenges and opportunities in GIS domain. Specifi cally, mobile and internet devices, Cloud computing, NoSQL databases, Semantic Web, Web services offer new ways of accessing, analyzing, and elaborating geospatial information in both real-world and virtual spaces. This book presents the latest developments, trends and technologies in GIS. It addresses the following areas: Big data, Cloud computing, NoSQL Geographic Databases, Web services, Geoprocessing-Scientifi c workfl ow, Mobile GIS, Spatial Data Warehousing-OLAP, and Semantic similarity. The general aim of this book is to offer a comprehensive overview of the methodological aspects of such technologies and their applications in GIS, and also to outline the major challenges and future perspectives. The book comprises ten chapters. Chapters 1 to 4 focus on the effi cient storage, indexing and querying of huge amount of distributed geographic data. In particular, Chapter 1 provides an overview of the various technologies necessary to build a functional array analytics system for geospatial data. Chapter 2 focuses on spatial similarity join techniques, and describes the design and implementation of MapReduce-based Similarity Join algorithms for large geographical data. Chapter 3 describes spatial indexing techniques in the cloud environments and presents an analysis of data modelling and the basic operations of cloud data managements such as HBase and Cassandra. Chapter 4 provides an overview of the main NoSQL systems that cope with geographical data. Chapters 5 to 7 address effi cient geographic data exchanging and geographic data sharing over a network through Web services as well as effi cient geographic data processing supported by scientifi c workfl ow to facilitate a vast range of scientifi c activities such as simulation, data modeling and visualization. Chapter 5, specifi cally, focuses on combining of traditional web services with geographical web services. Chapter 6 discusses frameworks to enhance the semantics in GIS Web Services, such as the Web services WMS (Web Map Service) and WFS (Web Feature Service). Chapter 7 discusses Geo-enabled Model Web from the perspective of geoprocessing web services and geoscientifi c workfl ows, and explores opportunities and implications by jointly applying these technologies to various scenarios. Chapter 8 presents an overview of the mobile-oriented geospatial applications and explores the problems of combining GIS and Semantic Web techniques within a smartphone working off-line. Chapter 9 explores the existing research related to Spatial DWs, spatial ETL, and SOLAP, and investigates various stages of the development process that use available free software. Finally, Chapter 10 presents an overview of methods for measuring semantic similarity of geographic data based on weighted ontology. The primary target audience for the book includes researchers, application specialists and developers, practitioners and students who work or have an interest in the area of integrating GIS with the latest technologies.I documenti in IRIS sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.
