In the deliverable B3, heating & cooling systems coupled with solar technologies are described. The used technologies are different and also their application: centralized or decentralized air-to-water heat pump coupled with PV, geothermal heat pump plus PV or adsorption chiller. These systems are installed in residential buildings described in the deliverable B1. Within the examples, there are single and multi-family houses located in different climates throughout Europe. Systems sizing and control strategies are reported in B4 where sizing methodology and control rules are deeply described. This document reports on the performance figures obtained by dynamic simulations of the abovementioned cases models. Section 2 describes the performance indicators used in all the examples for defining the HVAC system behaviour. The advantage of having the same indicators of system performance lies in the possibility of comparing systems even though different. The used indicators refer to the energy behaviour of the single generation device, like seasonal COP and EER, and of the whole system as final energy (FE) and seasonal performance figures (SPF). Performance of photovoltaic (PV) and solar thermal systems (ST) are assessed through solar fraction, field efficiency, produced and self-consumed energy. The environmental impact of the presented cases is valuated through primary energy (PE) and primary energy ratio (PER). Finally, the economic impact of the studied cases is reported by the utility energy bill that corresponds to the cost of energy consumed by the HVAC system . The first reported example investigates the combination of different HVAC system layouts applied under different working conditions and climates. Moreover, the presence of only photovoltaic or solar thermal systems or both is also taken into account. In particular, results presented in section 3 refer to a single family house (SFH). The abovementioned indicators are calculated for a system composed of an air-to-water heat pump (AWHP) with radiant ceilings and for a system with condensing gas boiler (COND) and radiators. The results show that solar thermal collectors can contribute with 15-25% of space heating coveringed in southern climates and 12-40% in northern ones. The high solar fraction in cold countries is due to the longer winter season. Regarding solar fraction for DHW, in northern countries the load covereding by solar energy can reach 40-60% of the total demand while in southern countries solar fraction for DHW can achieve 90%. In SFHs, the electricity produced by PV can be partially used by the HVAC system if a battery is not foreseen. Larger PV fields would increase the electricity fed into the grid. Different situation is verified in sMFHs (Section 4) due to the smaller ratio between installed area and heating area. In this case, in fact, the self consumption can achieve 85-90% of the production both in northern and southern climates. In both building typologies, SFH and sMFH, despite the higher installation costs for a heat pump system, the operating costs of a boiler system can double the costs of a heat pump system. In terms of Primary Energy, the cases with heat pump in the most efficient SFH and sMFH and one of the two analysed solar technologies (PV or ST) reach a Primary Energy consumption near 50 kWh/m²y. In the case of gas boiler, instead, despite the installation of solar energy systems, the total PE consumption is far from this value. Exception is in the two warmer climates where the installation of solar thermal panels can reduce the total PE consumption up to 50-60 kWh/m²y. The second case analyses an adsorption chiller system with CPC (Compound Parabolic Concentrator) collectors in different locations through Europe. Main output of this study is the utilization of solar thermal collectors energy both for heating and space cooling. Given a minimum SF for space cooling of 85%, in the northern climates this kind of system can cover up to 30% of space heating. Moving through warmer climates, the space heating coveringed by solar energy can achieve 80-90%. In this kind of system, it is important to find the optimal balance when sizing the system in order to avoid to bebeing oversized for the winter season. Moreover , it was found out that the optimal choice for solar collectors' surface in Mediterranean climates is higher than what reported in literature. However, the high values of total solar fraction (including heating and cooling) in warmer climates indicate that the technology is actually feasible also under these conditions, despite the lower COP of the chiller. The third case studies the coupling of a geothermal heat pump with desuperheater with two different PV field sizes. $$$$ . Finally, the fourth case compares three different system configurations where i) a centralized heat pump, ii) one heat pump per apartment and iii) an electric heater per apartment are coupled with a PV system. The system performance shows that the first two configurations, with centralized and with decentralized heat pump, have similar behaviour. Slightly lower final energy consumption has been shown in the second configuration thanks to the absence of piping thermal losses. The investment cost is not taken into account in this study, although is not to be neglected when comparing the first and second configuration. The third configuration has the highest final and primary energy consumption. The installation of a PV system on the façade or roof can cover half or one third of the electric loads in the first two cases. In the case of energy level 30 buildings, it becomes insufficient when heating loads are covered by electric heaters. However, for energy level 15 building, direct electrical heating in combination with a large PV array can be an interesting option. Bigger PV fields area do not increase the self-consumption of the first two configurations while it can help to cover a bigger portion of electricity loads in the third configuration. A life cycle analysis of all three system configuration has been carried out. Results can be found in [5].
IEA SHC Task 53 Subtask B Deliverable DB.5 Technical report on simulation results and system intercomparison
2018
Abstract
In the deliverable B3, heating & cooling systems coupled with solar technologies are described. The used technologies are different and also their application: centralized or decentralized air-to-water heat pump coupled with PV, geothermal heat pump plus PV or adsorption chiller. These systems are installed in residential buildings described in the deliverable B1. Within the examples, there are single and multi-family houses located in different climates throughout Europe. Systems sizing and control strategies are reported in B4 where sizing methodology and control rules are deeply described. This document reports on the performance figures obtained by dynamic simulations of the abovementioned cases models. Section 2 describes the performance indicators used in all the examples for defining the HVAC system behaviour. The advantage of having the same indicators of system performance lies in the possibility of comparing systems even though different. The used indicators refer to the energy behaviour of the single generation device, like seasonal COP and EER, and of the whole system as final energy (FE) and seasonal performance figures (SPF). Performance of photovoltaic (PV) and solar thermal systems (ST) are assessed through solar fraction, field efficiency, produced and self-consumed energy. The environmental impact of the presented cases is valuated through primary energy (PE) and primary energy ratio (PER). Finally, the economic impact of the studied cases is reported by the utility energy bill that corresponds to the cost of energy consumed by the HVAC system . The first reported example investigates the combination of different HVAC system layouts applied under different working conditions and climates. Moreover, the presence of only photovoltaic or solar thermal systems or both is also taken into account. In particular, results presented in section 3 refer to a single family house (SFH). The abovementioned indicators are calculated for a system composed of an air-to-water heat pump (AWHP) with radiant ceilings and for a system with condensing gas boiler (COND) and radiators. The results show that solar thermal collectors can contribute with 15-25% of space heating coveringed in southern climates and 12-40% in northern ones. The high solar fraction in cold countries is due to the longer winter season. Regarding solar fraction for DHW, in northern countries the load covereding by solar energy can reach 40-60% of the total demand while in southern countries solar fraction for DHW can achieve 90%. In SFHs, the electricity produced by PV can be partially used by the HVAC system if a battery is not foreseen. Larger PV fields would increase the electricity fed into the grid. Different situation is verified in sMFHs (Section 4) due to the smaller ratio between installed area and heating area. In this case, in fact, the self consumption can achieve 85-90% of the production both in northern and southern climates. In both building typologies, SFH and sMFH, despite the higher installation costs for a heat pump system, the operating costs of a boiler system can double the costs of a heat pump system. In terms of Primary Energy, the cases with heat pump in the most efficient SFH and sMFH and one of the two analysed solar technologies (PV or ST) reach a Primary Energy consumption near 50 kWh/m²y. In the case of gas boiler, instead, despite the installation of solar energy systems, the total PE consumption is far from this value. Exception is in the two warmer climates where the installation of solar thermal panels can reduce the total PE consumption up to 50-60 kWh/m²y. The second case analyses an adsorption chiller system with CPC (Compound Parabolic Concentrator) collectors in different locations through Europe. Main output of this study is the utilization of solar thermal collectors energy both for heating and space cooling. Given a minimum SF for space cooling of 85%, in the northern climates this kind of system can cover up to 30% of space heating. Moving through warmer climates, the space heating coveringed by solar energy can achieve 80-90%. In this kind of system, it is important to find the optimal balance when sizing the system in order to avoid to bebeing oversized for the winter season. Moreover , it was found out that the optimal choice for solar collectors' surface in Mediterranean climates is higher than what reported in literature. However, the high values of total solar fraction (including heating and cooling) in warmer climates indicate that the technology is actually feasible also under these conditions, despite the lower COP of the chiller. The third case studies the coupling of a geothermal heat pump with desuperheater with two different PV field sizes. $$$$ . Finally, the fourth case compares three different system configurations where i) a centralized heat pump, ii) one heat pump per apartment and iii) an electric heater per apartment are coupled with a PV system. The system performance shows that the first two configurations, with centralized and with decentralized heat pump, have similar behaviour. Slightly lower final energy consumption has been shown in the second configuration thanks to the absence of piping thermal losses. The investment cost is not taken into account in this study, although is not to be neglected when comparing the first and second configuration. The third configuration has the highest final and primary energy consumption. The installation of a PV system on the façade or roof can cover half or one third of the electric loads in the first two cases. In the case of energy level 30 buildings, it becomes insufficient when heating loads are covered by electric heaters. However, for energy level 15 building, direct electrical heating in combination with a large PV array can be an interesting option. Bigger PV fields area do not increase the self-consumption of the first two configurations while it can help to cover a bigger portion of electricity loads in the third configuration. A life cycle analysis of all three system configuration has been carried out. Results can be found in [5].I documenti in IRIS sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.
