Among small laboratory animals, mice (Mus musculus) are the most popular animal model in biomedical research because of their biological similarity to man, reduced maintenance cost, easy handling, short reproduction rate, and their use in genetic manipulation studies. Experimental procedures on animals often require anesthesia and/or analgesia to obtain adequate immobilization and to reduce stress or pain, not only for ethical reasons but also because of their potentially adverse effects on experimental results. Infact, anesthetic and analgesic agents may influence physiological parameters, potentially interfering with research models. Under these circumstances, it is of paramount importance to refine animal experiments and to use highly sophisticated anesthetic procedures that include systemic and local analgesia, sedation, chemical restraint, and both trained and dedicated personnel. Mice imaging procedures are increasingly used in preclinical research because they allow in vivo monitoring and they are readily available for longitudinal and noninvasive studies as well as investigations into the evolution of diseases and the effects of new therapies. The choice of a suitable anesthetic procedure is a key factor in preclinical imaging studies, and should comply with the imaging technique, the procedure length, and the aim of the study. We reviewed the existing literature on molecular imaging studies in mice, describing the effects of different anesthetic protocols, and reported our experience with such studies. We found that preanesthetic care reduces the incidence of complications that can occur in the course of anesthesia. In mice, strain, body weight, age, and sex add to the well-known anesthetic variability that exists among individuals of other species. Mice anesthesia was proved tricky for several reasons including the small animals' size, metabolic rate, and the high risk of hypothermia and hypoglycemia. Several murine models that mimic human diseases such as obesity, diabetes mellitus, myocardial ischemia, and neoplasia require specific anesthetic protocols and pose increasing difficulties in serial studies. Furthermore, genome alterations of transgenic mice can influence the effects of anesthetic agents. Sometimes imaging procedures entail slightly painful or invasive procedures such as intracavitary or intravascular injections, blood vessel catheterization, or microinjections in target organs. Under these cases, we showed that it is important to carefully monitor and support mice body temperature, heart and respiratory rates, prevent surgical field infections by maintaining aseptic surgical conditions in combination with the use of local or systemic antibiotics, and to adopt an adequate analgesic protocol. Moreover, supportive care with fluid theraphy, a warm, dry, and quiet environment with an oxygen-enriched atmosphere may be also recommended in some experiments. We concluded that mice anesthesia and animal care demand a deep knowledge of the physiology and pharmacology of this species. According to the aims of experimental procedure, anesthetic protocol should be tailored by the use of tranquilizers, injectable/inhalation anesthetics and analgesics. Patient monitoring and post-operative care reduce the rate of complications, improving animal welfare and experimental results. Additional studies are needed for a better refinement of animal handling and anesthesia, for optimizing the results of imaging techniques, and for simultaneously improving animal welfare.
Gestione clinica e terapia, procedure interventistiche, anestesia e analgesia dei modelli murini nell' imaging preclinico Il topo da laboratorio (Mus musculus) rappresenta il modello animale più popolare nella ricerca biomedica in virtù delle affinità biologiche con l'uomo, ridotti costi di stabulazione, facile manipolazione, ciclo riproduttivo breve, la possibilità di impiego in studi di manipolazione genetica. Le procedure sperimentali su modelli animali spesso richiedono anestesia e / o analgesia per garantire un'adeguata immobilizzazione e per ridurre lo stress o il dolore, non solo per motivi etici ma anche a causa dei loro effetti potenzialmente negativi sui risultati sperimentali. Infatti, anestetici e analgesici possono influenzare i parametri fisiologici, le cui modificazioni potrebbero potenzialmente inficiare con i modelli sperimentali impiegati. In queste circostanze, è di fondamentale importanza per perfezionare le procedure sperimentali su modello animale utilizzare adeguate tecniche di anestesia che includano l'analgesia generale e locale e l'uso di tranquillanti, e che esse siano svolte da personale dedicato e con formazione specifica. Le procedure di imaging su modelli murini sono sempre più diffuse nella ricerca preclinica perché consentono il monitoraggio in vivo, studi longitudinali e non invasivi, nonché indagare sulla evoluzione delle malattie e gli effetti di nuove terapie. La scelta di una procedura anestesiologica appropriata è un fattore chiave per gli studi di imaging preclinico, e deve considerare il tipo di tecnica di imaging, la lunghezza della procedura, e lo scopo dello studio. Abbiamo esaminato la letteratura esistente sugli studi di imaging molecolare nel modello murino, che descrive gli effetti di diversi protocolli di anestesia, e riportato la nostra esperienza in questo tipo di studi. Abbiamo evidenziato che la corretta gestione clinica nelle fasi pre- e peri-anestesiologiche consente di ridurre l'incidenza delle complicanze correlate all'anestesia. Nei topi, il ceppo, il peso corporeo, l'età, il sesso e la variabilità interindividuale devono essere considerate per la scelta del protocollo anestesiologico più opportuno in uno specifico contesto sperimentale. L'anestesia nella specie murina è complessa per diversi motivi, tra cui le ridotte dimensioni, il rapido metabolismo, e l'alto rischio di ipotermia e ipoglicemia. Diversi modelli murini che mimano malattie umane come l'obesità, il diabete mellito, l'ischemia miocardica e neoplasie richiedono protocolli anestesiologici specifici e pongono crescenti difficoltà negli studi seriali. Inoltre, modificazioni genetiche nei topi transgenici possono influenzare gli effetti degli anestetici. A volte le procedure di imaging prevedono anche procedure moderatamente dolorose o invasive come iniezioni endocavitarie o intravascolari, cateterizzazione di vasi sanguigni, o microiniezioni in organi bersaglio. In tali casi, abbiamo dimostrato che è importante monitorare attentamente e sostenere la temperatura corporea topi, la frequenza cardiaca e respiratoria, prevenire infezioni post-chirurgiche mantenendo condizioni asettiche in combinazione con l'uso di antibiotici sistemici o locali, e adottare un adeguato protocollo analgesico. Inoltre, la fluidoterapia di supporto, ossigenoterapia, un ambiente con condizioni termoigrometriche adeguate, ed evitare stress ambientali, sono raccomandate in alcuni esperimenti. Abbiamo evidenziato che gestione clinica, terapia, anestesia e analgesia dei modelli murini richiedono una adeguata formazione medico-veterinaria e la conoscenza della fisiologia e farmacologia di questa specie. Secondo gli scopi della procedura sperimentale, il protocollo anestesiologico dovrebbe essere adattato con l'opportuna scelta di agenti iniettabili, anestetici inalatori e analgesici. Il monitoraggio dei soggetti e le cure post-operatorie riducono il tasso di complicanze, migliorano il benessere degli animali e l'accuratezza dei risultati sperimentali. Ulteriori studi sono necessari per perfezionare i trattamenti di supporto e l'anestesia, per ottimizzare i risultati delle varie tecniche di imaging, e per migliorare allo stesso tempo il benessere degli animali.
Animal Care, interventional procedures, anesthesia and analgesia of murine models in preclinical imaging
Sara Gargiulo
2018
Abstract
Among small laboratory animals, mice (Mus musculus) are the most popular animal model in biomedical research because of their biological similarity to man, reduced maintenance cost, easy handling, short reproduction rate, and their use in genetic manipulation studies. Experimental procedures on animals often require anesthesia and/or analgesia to obtain adequate immobilization and to reduce stress or pain, not only for ethical reasons but also because of their potentially adverse effects on experimental results. Infact, anesthetic and analgesic agents may influence physiological parameters, potentially interfering with research models. Under these circumstances, it is of paramount importance to refine animal experiments and to use highly sophisticated anesthetic procedures that include systemic and local analgesia, sedation, chemical restraint, and both trained and dedicated personnel. Mice imaging procedures are increasingly used in preclinical research because they allow in vivo monitoring and they are readily available for longitudinal and noninvasive studies as well as investigations into the evolution of diseases and the effects of new therapies. The choice of a suitable anesthetic procedure is a key factor in preclinical imaging studies, and should comply with the imaging technique, the procedure length, and the aim of the study. We reviewed the existing literature on molecular imaging studies in mice, describing the effects of different anesthetic protocols, and reported our experience with such studies. We found that preanesthetic care reduces the incidence of complications that can occur in the course of anesthesia. In mice, strain, body weight, age, and sex add to the well-known anesthetic variability that exists among individuals of other species. Mice anesthesia was proved tricky for several reasons including the small animals' size, metabolic rate, and the high risk of hypothermia and hypoglycemia. Several murine models that mimic human diseases such as obesity, diabetes mellitus, myocardial ischemia, and neoplasia require specific anesthetic protocols and pose increasing difficulties in serial studies. Furthermore, genome alterations of transgenic mice can influence the effects of anesthetic agents. Sometimes imaging procedures entail slightly painful or invasive procedures such as intracavitary or intravascular injections, blood vessel catheterization, or microinjections in target organs. Under these cases, we showed that it is important to carefully monitor and support mice body temperature, heart and respiratory rates, prevent surgical field infections by maintaining aseptic surgical conditions in combination with the use of local or systemic antibiotics, and to adopt an adequate analgesic protocol. Moreover, supportive care with fluid theraphy, a warm, dry, and quiet environment with an oxygen-enriched atmosphere may be also recommended in some experiments. We concluded that mice anesthesia and animal care demand a deep knowledge of the physiology and pharmacology of this species. According to the aims of experimental procedure, anesthetic protocol should be tailored by the use of tranquilizers, injectable/inhalation anesthetics and analgesics. Patient monitoring and post-operative care reduce the rate of complications, improving animal welfare and experimental results. Additional studies are needed for a better refinement of animal handling and anesthesia, for optimizing the results of imaging techniques, and for simultaneously improving animal welfare.I documenti in IRIS sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.