Fast reduction of peripheral blood Endothelial Progenitor Cells in healthy humans exposed to acute systemic hypoxia.

There are hints that hypoxia exposure may affect the number of circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) in humans. To test this hypothesis, the concentration of EPCs was determined by flow cytometry in the peripheral blood of 10 young healthy adults before (0h), at different times (0.5h, 1h, 2h, 4h) during a 4h normobaric hypoxic breathing simulating 4100m altitude, and in the following recovery breathing room air. Results were interpreted mainly on the basis of the changes in surface expression of CXCR-4 (a chemokine receptor essential for EPC migration and homing), the percentage of apoptotic cells, the plasmatic levels of markers of oxidative stress induced by hypoxic breathing. Compared to 0h, the concentration of EPCs, identified as either CD45dim/CD34+/KDR+ or CD45dim/CD34+/KDR+/CD133+ cells, decreased from 337±83 (mean±SEM) to 223±52 (0.5h;P<0.005) and 100±37 ml-1 (4h;P<0.005), and from 216±91 to 161±50 (0.5h;P<0.05) and 45±23 ml-1 (4h;P<0.005), respectively. Upon return to normoxia, their concentration increased slowly, and after 4h was still lower than at 0h (P<0.05). During hypoxia, CXCR-4 expression and plasmatic SDF-1 increased abruptly (0.5h: +126% and +13%, respectively;P<0.05), suggesting cell marginalization as a possible cause of the rapid hypoxiainduced EPC reduction. Moreover, hypoxia exposure induced an increase in EPC apoptosis and markers of oxidative stress, which was significantly evident only starting from 2h and 4h after hypoxia offset, respectively, suggesting that EPC apoptosis may contribute to the later phase of hypoxia-induced EPC reduction. Overall, these observations may provide new insights into the comprehension of the mechanisms operated by EPCs to maintain endothelial homeostasis.