Large enhancement of deuteron polarization with frequency modulated microwaves

Adeva, B; Arik, E; Ahmad, S; Arvidson, A; Badelek, B; Ballintijn, Mk; Bardin, G; Baum, Guenter; Berglund, P; Betev, L; Bird, Ig; Birsa, R; Björkholm, P; Bonner, Be; N de Botton,; Boutemeur, M; Bradamante, F; Bressan, A; Brüll, A; Buchanan, J; Bültmann, S; Burtin, E; Cavata, C; Chen, Jp; Clement, J; Clocchiatti, M; Corcoran, Md; Crabb, D; Cranshaw, J; Cuhadar, J; S Dalla Torre,; Deshpande, A; R van Dantzig,; Day, D; Dhawan, S; Dulya, C; Dyring, A; Eichblatt, S; Faivre, Jc; Fasching, D; Feinstein, F; Fernandez, C; Frois, B; Garabatos, C; Garzon, Ja; Gaussiran, T; Giorgi, M; E von Goeler,; Golutvin, Ia; Gomez, A; Gracia, G; N de Groot,; M Grosse Perdekamp,; Gülmez, E; D von Harrach,; Hasegawa, T; Hautle, P; Hayashi, N; Heusch, Ca; Horikawa, N; Hughes, Vw; Igo, G; Ishimoto, S; Iwata, T; M de Jong,; Kabuss, Em; Kageya, T; Kaiser, R; Karev, A; Kessler, Hj; Ketel, Tj; Kiryushin, I; Kishi, A; Kisselev, Yu; Klostermann, L; Krämer, D; Krivokhijine, V; Kukhtin, V; Kyynäräinen, J; Lamanna, M; Landgraf, U; Lau, K; Layda, T; JM Le Goff,; Lehar, F; A de Lesquen,; Lichtenstadt, J; Lindqvist, T; Litmaath, M; Lopezponte, S; Lowe, M; Magnon, A; Mallot, Gk; Marie, F; Martin, A; Martino, J; Matsuda, T; Mayes, B; Mccarthy, Js; Medved, K; G van Middelkoop,; Miller, David; Mitchell, J; Mori, K; Moromisato, J; Mutchler, Gs; Nagaitsev, A; Nassalski, J; Naumann, L; Neganov, B; Niinikoski, To; Oberski, Jej; Ogawa, A; Okumi, S; Özben, Cs; Penzo, A; Perez, Ca; Perrotkunne, F; Peshekhonov, D; Piegaia, R; Pinsky, L; Platchkov, S; Plo, M; Pose, D; Postma, H; Pretz, J; Pussieux, T; Pyrlik, J; Reyhancan, I; Rieubland, Jm; Rijllart, A; Roberts, Jb; Rock, Se; Rodriguez, M; Rondio, E; Rondon, O; Ropelewski, L; Rosado, A; Sabo, I; Saborido, J; Salvato, G; Sandacz, A; Sanders, D; Savin, I; Schiavon, P; Schüler, Kp; Segel, R; Seitz, R; Semertzidis, Y; Sergeev, S

doi:10.1016/0168-9002(95)01376-8

We report a large enhancement of 1.7 in deuteron polarization up to values of 0.6 due to frequency modulation of the polarizing microwaves in a two liter polarized target using the method of dynamic nuclear polarization. This target was used during a deep inelastic polarized muon-deuteron scattering experiment at CERN. Measurements of the electron paramagnetic resonance absorption spectra show that frequency modulation gives rise to additional microwave absorption in the spectral wings. Although these results are not understood theoretically, they may provide a useful testing ground for the deeper understanding of dynamic nuclear polarization.