The carbon-based fuels that have fired productivity since the Industrial Age, contributing to the climate change and affecting the world economy are now dwindling in supply. The need to maintain a careful equilibrium among energy, environment, and economics has taken on a strong urgency in the last century and nowadays. Looking to the transport field, the share in energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions has increased over the years, making it all the more important to improve fuel efficiency and find ways of reducing emissions from our transport. Development of clean, renewable energy sources to replace carbon-based fuels on a massive scale is underway on many fronts. Until these efforts identify means for large-scale production and distribution of alternative energy, efficient use of existing supplies is widely acknowledged as the fastest, cheapest, and cleanest way to meet future energy needs. In particular, the request of cleaner emissions and improvements of fuel consumption economy with internal combustion engines have been important issues considering the limited supply of crude oil and the even more stringent emissions standards on carbon dioxide, NOx and particulate matter (PM). In particular, an important role in the urban air pollution is played by the two-wheel vehicles and the vehicles equipped with diesel engines. In some countries mopeds with low displacements represent a large fraction of the Powered Two-Wheelers (PTW) particularly in southern Europe and Asia [1-2] (Figure 1). This is due to their small size that allows an easier navigation in heavily congested areas. The diesel engines are even more wide spreading because of their higher performance and fuel efficiency with respect to gasoline engines. In 2011, diesel car sales made up for 52% of the European market [3]. In particular, in Germany, 42% of cars sold were equipped with diesel engines. The two-wheel vehicles actually have to comply the Euro 3 standard, despite the automotive have to fulfil the more restrictive Euro 5. Moreover, for the compression ignition (CI) engines the current emissions standard indicates for the particle emissions also a number regulation because of their negative effects on the human health [4]
Effect of biofuels on particle emissions from compression and spark ignition engines
Di Iorio S;Mancaruso E;Sementa P;Vaglieco BM
2014
Abstract
The carbon-based fuels that have fired productivity since the Industrial Age, contributing to the climate change and affecting the world economy are now dwindling in supply. The need to maintain a careful equilibrium among energy, environment, and economics has taken on a strong urgency in the last century and nowadays. Looking to the transport field, the share in energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions has increased over the years, making it all the more important to improve fuel efficiency and find ways of reducing emissions from our transport. Development of clean, renewable energy sources to replace carbon-based fuels on a massive scale is underway on many fronts. Until these efforts identify means for large-scale production and distribution of alternative energy, efficient use of existing supplies is widely acknowledged as the fastest, cheapest, and cleanest way to meet future energy needs. In particular, the request of cleaner emissions and improvements of fuel consumption economy with internal combustion engines have been important issues considering the limited supply of crude oil and the even more stringent emissions standards on carbon dioxide, NOx and particulate matter (PM). In particular, an important role in the urban air pollution is played by the two-wheel vehicles and the vehicles equipped with diesel engines. In some countries mopeds with low displacements represent a large fraction of the Powered Two-Wheelers (PTW) particularly in southern Europe and Asia [1-2] (Figure 1). This is due to their small size that allows an easier navigation in heavily congested areas. The diesel engines are even more wide spreading because of their higher performance and fuel efficiency with respect to gasoline engines. In 2011, diesel car sales made up for 52% of the European market [3]. In particular, in Germany, 42% of cars sold were equipped with diesel engines. The two-wheel vehicles actually have to comply the Euro 3 standard, despite the automotive have to fulfil the more restrictive Euro 5. Moreover, for the compression ignition (CI) engines the current emissions standard indicates for the particle emissions also a number regulation because of their negative effects on the human health [4]I documenti in IRIS sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.
