Protoglobin: Structure and Ligand-Binding Properties

Protoglobin is the first globin identified in Archaea; its biological role is still unknown, although it can bind O2, CO and NO reversibly in vitro. The X-ray structure of Methanosarcina acetivorans protoglobin revealed several peculiar structural features. Its tertiary structure can be considered as an expanded version of the canonical globin fold, characterised by the presence of a pre-A helix (named Z) and a 20-residue N-terminal extension. Other unusual trends are a large distortion of the haem moiety, and its complete burial in the protein matrix due to the extended CE and FG loops and the 20-residue N-terminal loop. Access of diatomic ligands to the haem has been proposed to be granted by two tunnels, which are mainly defined by helices B/G (tunnel 1) and B/E (tunnel 2), and whose spatial orientation and topology give rise to an almost orthogonal two-tunnel system unprecedented in other globins. At a quaternary level, protoglobin forms a tight dimer, mostly based on the inter-molecular four-helix bundle built by the G- and H-helices, similar to that found in globin-coupled sensor proteins, which share with protoglobin a common phylogenetic origin. Such unique structural properties, together with an unusually low O2 dissociation rate and a selectivity ratio for O2/CO binding that favours O2 ligation, make protoglobin a peculiar case for gaining insight into structure to function relationships within the globin superfamily. While recent structural and biochemical data have given answers to important questions, the functional issue is still unclear and it is expected to represent the major focus of future investigations.