Geology, geomorphology and dynamics of the 15 February 2010 Maierato landslide (Calabria, Italy)

On 15 February 2010, as a result of intense and long-lasting rainfalls, a large landslide affected a wide area near the town of Maierato (Calabria, Italy). The studies conducted - including (i) aerial photo interpretation, (ii) geological and geomorphological field investigations, (iii) interpretations of lithology and stratigraphy from borehole data, and (iv) observation of videos filmed during the main diastrophic phases of the landslide and of antecedent Google Street View® images - allowed researchers to reconstruct the geological and tectonic setting of the slope and the internal structure of the landslide with the estimation of the depth of the sliding surface, the triggering mechanisms and its evolution. The analysis of the prelandslide event setting demonstrates that this mass movement is the reactivation of a preexisting landslide of alleged seismic origin, remaining at an incipient stage. TheMaierato landslide occurred on a gentle slope made of late Miocene to Plio-Pleistocene clastic and evaporitic sedimentary rocks. Themain basal failure surface that developed on the hemipelagicmarls has amaximumdepth of 50 m. The volume of the landslide is ~5 million cubic meters. The type of landslide movement is a complex one, consisting of a very rapid slide of rock and earth and of flow of debris and earth. The landslide clearly shows three major types of failuremechanisms: the first type is described as a rapidlymoving rotational slidewhere back-tilted blocks of sediment are preserved; the second type includes a very rapidly moving translational slide of large rock blocks; the third type includes sudden, extremely rapid flow-slides where the slide material is disaggregated while flowing downward along a gentle slope. The slide is a compound one,with a retrogressive evolution and transformation into earth and debris flowduring the failure. After the triggering of the landslide, and as a result of the relevant displacement, an important portion of the lower evaporitic unit (Calcare di Base Formation), close to the failure surface, collapsed, thereby undergoing a quick change of itsmechanical behavior that became similar to that of a viscous fluid. During the landslide evolution, large rocky blocks consisting ofMiocene evaporitic limestones, Pliocene silty clays, and sandswere rafted, without severe disturbance, on the destructurated and fluidized limestone. The intense destructuration and the presence of water transformed the limestone (in the lower parts of the unit) into a viscous material that was squeezed out of the landslide mass through the jags between the several rafted rocky blocks and along the natural levees of flow tongue. This event is a rather frequent combination ofmassmovements made complicated and spectacular by the fluidization of the weak limestone that imparted great dynamics to themovements. Such fluidization is an infrequent phenomenon especially in this geological context.