Assessing the origin and fate of Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ph, and V in industrial polluted soil by combined microspectroscopic techniques and bulk extraction methods

The major geochemical forms of Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb, and V in a soil from an industrial polluted site in the south of Italy were determined by means of synchrotron X-ray microanalytical techniques such as coupled micro-X-ray fluorescence/micro-X-ray diffraction and micro-X-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy in combination with bulk extraction methods (sequential extraction procedures, EDTA extractions, and toxicity leaching characteristic procedure tests). Cr, Ni, Zn, and Cu were found in spinel-type geochemical forms (chromite, trevorite franklinite, zincochromite, and cuprospinel) and often in association with magnetite and hematite. Vwas mainly present as V(V) associated with iron-oxides or in the form of volborthite [Cu-3(OH)(2)V2O7 center dot 2H(2)O]. Pb was speciated as minium (Pb3O4), lanarkite [Pb2O(SO4)], and, in association with COO, as crocoite (PbCrO4). In general, despite a high total concentration, metals appear to be speciated for the most part as rather insoluble geochemical forms. However, particular attention should be paid to Zn, Cu, V, and Pb that show non-negligible mobilizable fractions. On the basis of the geochemical forms identified, among others, two major former industrial activities were tentatively ascribed as being responsible for the observed major pollution: polyvinyl chloride and cement-asbestos productions.