Phytocoenoses of conventional agroecosystems are subjected, already from several decades, to the reduction of the weed species present in the various crops. Such floristic decreasing is directly proportional to intensity of the agronomic impact. The present work is born from the hypothesis that the agro-ecological oases, managed with the ancient agrotechniques, are linked by an high degree of plant biodiversity. In this perspective it was carried out not only an analysis of the field emerged weeds, but even an evaluation of the seedbank since this one synthesizes the weed flora of a wider period. In the experimental agroecosystems, selected due to the typical Emmer wheat presence, an high degree of weed species diversity was observed, above all of terophytes, in the emerged flora as well in the seedbank. In both cases relative densities of each species were found low and without any weed dominance. Probably it occurs as a function of the high degree of competitive and allelopathic interactions. Almost scarce was the presence of exhumed seeds of graminaceae virtually due to their inability to store in the soil a persistent seedbank. Of particular importance it was the discovery of two rare species such as Agrostemma githago and Centaurea cyanus disappeared from many years by the landscape of "conventional" agricultural systems. The seedbank was found uniformly distributed in both sampled soil layers (0-15 and 15-30 cm) confirming that plowing induced an uniform burial of the annually produced seeds. The total examined soil profile (0-30 cm) showed a quantitative seedbank similar to those already found in "biological" agricultural systems (from 12.000 to 47.000 seeds m-2). However it was qualitatively formed even from several weed species of negligible agronomic impact as a function of their scarce competitivity like in the case of some caryophyllaceae (Silene noctiflora and S.alba), boraginaceae (Myosotis arvensis and Echium vulgaris) and campanulaceae (Legousia speculum-veneris). Finally both agronomic and ecological involvements of this weed complexity were discussed. This complexity was retained of crucial importance not only regards to the biodiversity conservation but even for their role in the landscape ecology. In synthesis, it has been confirmed the hypothesis that the ancient phytocoenoses are still present but only in these ecological oases in which the agronomic impact was ecologically sustainable. In conclusion, it was stressed the crucial role of these agro-ecological oases not only with the aim of the in situ biodiversity conservation, but even as ex situ germoplasma source to use in the perspective of ecological restoration of degraded areas.
Le fitocenosi degli agroecosistemi gestiti convenzionalmente hanno subito, ormai da alcuni decenni, una forte contrazione nel numero di specie presenti nelle varie colture. Tale contrazione floristica risulta tanto più marcata quanto più è risultato elevato l'impatto agronomico esercitato. La presente sperimentazione nasce dall'ipotesi che le oasi agro-ecologiche, gestite con le antiche agrotecniche, siano accompagnate da una elevata biodiversità. Il criterio di indagine è stato quello di effettuare non solamente analisi floristiche della flora "reale" ma anche della "seedbank" dal momento che i semi accumulatisi nel suolo riassumono fedelmente le fitocenosi verificatesi di un ampio arco di tempo. Negli agroecosistemi sperimentati, scelti per la tipica coltivazione del farro, è stata osservata una elevata diversità floristica, soprattutto di terofite, sia a livello di flora "reale" che "potenziale". In entrambi i casi le varie specie sono risultate contraddistinte da densità relative decisamente basse a conferma che nessuna specie è risultata dominante probabilmente a causa dell'elevata gamma di interazioni sia di tipo competitivo che allelopatico. Scarse sono risultate le graminaceae rilevate a livello di seme in quanto tipicamente poco adatte ad accumulare una seedbank persistente. Di particolare interesse è risultato il ritrovamento di Agrostemma githago e Centaurea cyanus specie che risultano ormai pressoché scomparse, da molti anni, dal paesaggio agricolo delle aree gestite con sistemi colturali di tipo "convenzionale". La seedbank è risultata distribuita omogeneamente nei due profili di suolo campionato (0-15 e 15-30 cm) confermando come l'aratura tenda ad interrare uniformemente i semi annualmente prodotti. L'intero profilo esaminato (0-30 cm) ha mostrato quantitativi simili a quelli rilevati in sistemi colturali di tipo "biologico" (da 12.000 a 47.000 semi m-2) ma formata anche da specie di scarsa nocività agronomica in quanto poco competitive come nel caso di alcune caryophyllacee (Silene noctiflora e S. alba), boraginacee (Myosotis arvensis ed Echium vulgaris) e campanulacee (Legousia speculum-veneris). Sono state poi discusse le ripercussioni agronomiche ed ecologiche di queste fitocenosi delle quali alcune specie potrebbero divenire persino una risorsa non solamente nella tutela della biodiversità ma anche del paesaggio. In pratica è stata confermata l'ipotesi che le antiche fitocenosi siano ancora presenti in oasi agro-ecologiche nelle quali l'impatto agronomico risulta di tipo ecologicamente sostenibile. Infine viene evidenziato come tali ambienti assumono un ruolo cruciale non solamente nella conservazione della bioversità in situ ma anche come germoplasma da utilizzare ex situ per interventi di ripristino ecologico di aree degradate.
Biodiversità della "seedbank" di fitocenosi spontanee nella coltura del farro (Triticum dicoccum (Schrank) Schübler) in agroecosistemi della Garfagnana (Lucca)
Loddo Donato;
2008
Abstract
Phytocoenoses of conventional agroecosystems are subjected, already from several decades, to the reduction of the weed species present in the various crops. Such floristic decreasing is directly proportional to intensity of the agronomic impact. The present work is born from the hypothesis that the agro-ecological oases, managed with the ancient agrotechniques, are linked by an high degree of plant biodiversity. In this perspective it was carried out not only an analysis of the field emerged weeds, but even an evaluation of the seedbank since this one synthesizes the weed flora of a wider period. In the experimental agroecosystems, selected due to the typical Emmer wheat presence, an high degree of weed species diversity was observed, above all of terophytes, in the emerged flora as well in the seedbank. In both cases relative densities of each species were found low and without any weed dominance. Probably it occurs as a function of the high degree of competitive and allelopathic interactions. Almost scarce was the presence of exhumed seeds of graminaceae virtually due to their inability to store in the soil a persistent seedbank. Of particular importance it was the discovery of two rare species such as Agrostemma githago and Centaurea cyanus disappeared from many years by the landscape of "conventional" agricultural systems. The seedbank was found uniformly distributed in both sampled soil layers (0-15 and 15-30 cm) confirming that plowing induced an uniform burial of the annually produced seeds. The total examined soil profile (0-30 cm) showed a quantitative seedbank similar to those already found in "biological" agricultural systems (from 12.000 to 47.000 seeds m-2). However it was qualitatively formed even from several weed species of negligible agronomic impact as a function of their scarce competitivity like in the case of some caryophyllaceae (Silene noctiflora and S.alba), boraginaceae (Myosotis arvensis and Echium vulgaris) and campanulaceae (Legousia speculum-veneris). Finally both agronomic and ecological involvements of this weed complexity were discussed. This complexity was retained of crucial importance not only regards to the biodiversity conservation but even for their role in the landscape ecology. In synthesis, it has been confirmed the hypothesis that the ancient phytocoenoses are still present but only in these ecological oases in which the agronomic impact was ecologically sustainable. In conclusion, it was stressed the crucial role of these agro-ecological oases not only with the aim of the in situ biodiversity conservation, but even as ex situ germoplasma source to use in the perspective of ecological restoration of degraded areas.I documenti in IRIS sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.


