Role of pretreatments in the thermal runaway of hazelnut shell pyrolysis

This study examines the effects of various pretreatments (size reduction, pelletization, hot water washing, torrefaction) on the pyrolysis of packed beds of hazelnut shells, exposed to moderate heating along the lateral surface, aimed at identifying the controlling or predominant mechanisms for the high reaction exothermicity leading to thermal runaway. As long as the particles preserve their chief structural properties (roughly or finely crushed shells), the process dynamics are not altered by size variation. Instead exothermic effects are highly reduced or almost disappear for milled shells, even in the pelletized form, depending on the actual powder size. Hence, secondary intraparticle reactions, owing to a peculiar scarcely porous microstructure, play a paramount role in the process exothermicity and thermal runaway. The displacement of the beginning of the reaction process at higher temperature, following sample washing, is enhanced by deepening the pretreatment. In this way sample conversion takes place in the presence of large spatial gradients, which hinder the occurrence of thermal runaway. Finally torrefaction, by partial or complete conversion of the more thermally labile chemical components, also eliminates the conditions that trigger and partly sustain the thermal runaway.