Low-frequency fluctuations in vertical cavity lasers: Experiments versus Lang-Kobayashi dynamics

The limits of applicability of the Lang-Kobayashi (LK) model for a semiconductor laser with optical feedback are analyzed. The model equations, equipped with realistic values of the parameters, are investigated below the solitary laser threshold where low-frequency fluctuations (LFF s) are usually observed. The numerical findings are compared with experimental data obtained for the selected polarization mode from a vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL) subject to polarization selective external feedback. The comparison reveals the bounds within which the dynamics of the LK model can be considered as realistic. In particular, it clearly demonstrates that the deterministic LK model, for realistic values of the linewidth enhancement factor ?, reproduces the LFF s only as a transient dynamics towards one of the stationary modes with maximal gain. A reasonable reproduction of real data from VCSEL s can be obtained only by considering the noisy LK or alternatively deterministic LK model for extremely high ? values.