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The Lancet Volume 387, Issue 10026, 2 April 2016, Pages 1377-1396 Trends in adult body-mass index in 200 countries from 1975 to 2014: A pooled analysis of 1698 population-based measurement studies with 19.2 million participants (Review) Di Cesare, M.abny, Bentham, J.a, Stevens, G.A.c, Zhou, B.a, Danaei, G.d, Lu, Y.d, Bixby, H.a, Cowan, M.J.c, Riley, L.M.c, Hajifathalian, K.d, Fortunato, L.a, Taddei, C.e, Bennett, J.E.a, Ikeda, N.f, Khang, Y.-H.g, Kyobutungi, C.h, Laxmaiah, A.i, Li, Y.d, Lin, H.-H.j, Miranda, J.J.k, Mostafa, A.l, Turley, M.L.m, Paciorek, C.J.n, Gunter, M.a, Ezzati, M.a , Abdeen, Z.A.o, Hamid, Z.A.p, Abu-Rmeileh, N.M.q, Acosta-Cazares, B.r, Adams, R.s, Aekplakorn, W.t, Aguilar-Salinas, C.A.u, Ahmadvand, A.v, Ahrens, W.w, Ali, M.M.x, Alkerwi, A.y, Alvarez-Pedrerol, M.z, Aly, E.x, Amouyel, P.aa, Amuzu, A.ab, Andersen, L.B.ac, Anderssen, S.A.ad, Andrade, D.S.ae, Anjana, R.M.af, Aounallah-Skhiri, H.ag, Ariansen, I.ah, Aris, T.ai, Arlappa, N.i, Arveiler, D.aj, Assah, F.K.ak, 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Y.T.ks, Van Herck, K.bw, Van Minh, H.kb, Van Valkengoed, I.G.M.cb, Vanderschueren, D.df, Vanuzzo, D.nf, Vatten, L.hy, Vega, T.in, Velasquez-Melendez, G.ng, Veronesi, G.fk, Monique Verschuren, W.M.bm, Viegi, G.ir, Viet, L.bm, Viikari-Juntura, E.mg, Vineis, P.a, Vioque, J.nh, Virtanen, J.K.jt, Visvikis-Siest, S.mn, Viswanathan, B.bu, Vollenweider, P.cz, Voutilainen, S.jt, Vrijheid, M.z, Wade, A.N.ni, Wagner, A.nj, Walton, J.nk, Mohamud, W.N.W.nl, Wang, M.-D.lm, Wang, Q.nm, Wang, Y.X.nn, Wannamethee, S.G.bo, Wareham, N.ho, Weerasekera, D.m, Whincup, P.H.no, Widhalm, K.np, Widyahening, I.S.nq, Wiecek, A.dd, Wilks, R.J.em, Willeit, J.hp, Wojtyniak, B.mr, Wong, J.E.la, Wong, T.Y.cr, Woo, J.gj, Woodward, M.awcx, Wu, F.C.er, Wu, J.bg, Wu, S.L.cw, Xu, H.nr, Xu, L.gc, Yamborisut, U.t, Yan, W.ns, Yang, X.nt, Yardim, N.nu, Ye, X.il, Yiallouros, P.K.nv, Yoshihara, A.gt, You, Q.S.gc, Younger-Coleman, N.O.em, Yusoff, A.F.ai, Zainuddin, A.A.jg, Zambon, S.iw, Zdrojewski, T.an, Zeng, Y.cvgp, Zhao, D.gc, Zhao, W.nt, Zheng, Y.fx, Zhou, M.nt, Zhu, D.nw, Zimmermann, E.nx, Cisneros, J.Z.jr View additional authors a School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom b Middlesex University, London, United Kingdom c World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland d Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States e University of Florence, Florence, Italy f National Institute of Health and Nutrition, Tokyo, Japan g Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea h African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya i Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India j National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan k Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru l Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt m Ministry of Health, Wellington, New Zealand n University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States o Al-Quds University, Palestine p Center for Diabetes and Endocrine Care, India q Birzeit University, Palestine r Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico s University of Adelaide, Australia t Mahidol University, Thailand u Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutricion, Mexico v Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Iran w Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology-BIPS, Germany x World Health Organization Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, Egypt y Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg z Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology, Spain aa Lille University and Hospital, France ab London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom ac University of Southern Denmark, Denmark ad Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Norway ae Universidad de Cuenca, Ecuador af Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, India ag National Institute of Public Health, Tunisia ah Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Norway ai Ministry of Health, Malaysia aj Strasbourg University and Hospital, France ak University of Yaoundé 1, Cameroon al Regional Authority of Public Health, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia am Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Iran an Medical University of Gdansk, Poland ao Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain ap University of Palermo, Italy aq Pan American Health Organization, United States ar Université Mohammed V, Rabat, Morocco as University of Pernambuco, Brazil at Dalhousie University, Canada au Jordan University of Science and Technology, Jordan av Federal University of Maranhao, Brazil aw University of Sydney, Australia ax University of Auckland, New Zealand ay University Tunis El Manar, Tunisia az University Medical Science, Cuba ba Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Lithuania bb University of São Paulo, Brazil bc B.J. Medical College, India bd Chirayu Medical College, India be Sunder Lal Jain Hospital, India bf Aga Khan University, Pakistan bg Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China bh Shanghai Jiao-Tong University, School of Medicine, China bi University of Greenland, Greenland bj University of Oslo, Norway bk University of Gothenburg, Sweden bl NatCen Social Research, United Kingdom bm National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Netherlands bn University of Turin, Italy bo University College London, United Kingdom bp Liverpool John Moores University, United Kingdom bq Nanyang Technological University, Singapore br German Institute of Human Nutrition, Germany bs CEMIC, Argentina bt Toulouse University, School of Medicine, France bu Ministry of Health, Seychelles bv University of Lausanne, Switzerland bw Ghent University, Belgium bx FrieslandCampina, Singapore by Universidad Central de Venezuela, Venezuela bz Bielefeld University, Germany ca German Cancer Research Center, Germany cb University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, Netherlands cc Fred Hollows Foundation New Zealand, New Zealand cd Cork Institute of Technology, Ireland ce University La Laguna, Spain cf University of Malta, Malta cg Ministry of Health, Tonga ch Canadian Fitness and Lifestyle Research Institute, Canada ci Hospital Santa Maria, CHLN, Portugal cj Istanbul University, Turkey ck Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Brazil cl Cardiologia di Mercato S. Severino, Italy cm University of Porto, Portugal cn Santiago de Compostela University, Spain co Associazione Calabrese di Epatologia, Italy cp French Institute for Health Surveillance, France cq India Diabetes Research Foundation, India cr Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore cs National Institute of Medical Statistics, India ct Academia Sinica, Taiwan cu Capital Institute of Pediatrics, China cv Duke University, United States cw Kailuan General Hospital, China cx University of Oxford, United Kingdom cy Gertner Institute for Epidemiology and Health Policy Research, Israel cz Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland da Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taiwan db Victor Babe? University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Romania dc Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, South Korea dd Medical University of Silesia, Poland de Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic df Katholieke Universiteit, Leuven, Belgium dg Agency for Preventive and Social Medicine, Austria dh University of Southampton, United Kingdom di IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Neuromed, Italy dj Institut Pasteur de Lille, France dk Westmead University of Sydney, Australia dl CIBEROBN, Spain dm National Council of Research, Italy dn Federal University of Santa Catarina, Brazil do Eduardo Mondlane University, Mozambique dp University of Copenhagen, Denmark dq Lille University Hospital, France dr National Research Centre for Preventive Medicine, Russian Federation ds Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands dt University of Montreal, Canada du Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, France dv Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, Brazil dw National Council of Scientific and Technical Research, Argentina dx National Institute of Nutrition, Viet Nam dy University of Queensland, Australia dz Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Italy ea Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany eb Ministère de la Santé et de la Lutte Contre le Sida, Cote d'Ivoire ec Cardinal Wyszynski Institute of Cardiology, Poland ed University of Benin, College of Medical Sciences, Nigeria ee National Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Tunisia ef University of California, Davis, United States eg University of Stellenbosch, South Africa eh Karadeniz Technical University, Turkey ei Queen's University of Belfast, United Kingdom ej University of Zurich, Switzerland ek Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran el Centro de Salud Villanueva Norte, Spain em University of the West Indies, Jamaica en Hospital Don Benito-Villanueva de la Serena, Spain eo Ministry of Health, Argentina ep Council for Agriculture Research and Economics, Italy eq Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile er University of Manchester, United Kingdom es University of Tartu, Estonia et Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Mexico eu Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia ev Luleå University, Sweden ew Stanford University, United States ex WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, Egypt ey Federal University of São Paulo, Brazil ez Hospital Universitario, Son Espases, Spain fa Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Brazil fb Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil fc Kinki University, Faculty of Medicine, Japan fd Kyoto University, Japan fe Medical University of Warsaw, Poland ff University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa fg Geneva University Hospitals, Switzerland fh CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Spain fi Australian Bureau of Statistics, Australia fj Wageningen University, Netherlands fk University of Insubria, Italy fl Lund University, Sweden fm Nutrition Department, Ministry of Health, Israel fn Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain fo Andes Clinic of Cardio-Metabolic Studies, Venezuela fp National Institute of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Microbiology, Cuba fq Université de Lille 2, France fr Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Czech Republic fs Children's Memorial Health Institute, Poland ft Alexander Technological Educational Institute, Greece fu Jagiellonian University Medical College, Poland fv Institute of Public Health of Vojvodina, Serbia fw National Center of Cardiovascular Diseases, China fx Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore fy Icelandic Heart Association, Iceland fz Universidad Icesi, Colombia ga State University of Montes Claros, Brazil gb King's College London, United Kingdom gc Capital Medical University, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, China gd Healis-Sekhsaria Institute for Public Health, India ge University of Ibadan, Nigeria gf Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy, Argentina gg Danish Cancer Society Research Centre, Denmark gh Tulane University, United States gi National Institute of Public Health, Mexico gj Chinese University of Hong Kong, China gk University of Western Australia, Australia gl Fundación Oftalmológica de Santander, Colombia gm Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Brazil gn University of Oran 1, Algeria go Ministry of Health, Myanmar gp Peking University, Health Science Center, China gq International Agency for Research on Cancer, France gr American University of Beirut, Lebanon gs Cairo University, Egypt gt Niigata University, Japan gu Hadassah University Medical Center, Israel gv Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Kuwait gw Guangzhou 12th Hospital, China gx Simon Fraser University, Canada gy Ruprecht-Karls University of Heidelberg, Germany gz Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Denmark ha World Health Organization Country Office, India hb National Institute for Health and Welfare, Finland hc University of Ljubljana, Slovenia hd University of Zagreb, Croatia he University of Crete, Greece hf Hellenic Medical Association for Obesity, Greece hg Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, United States hh National Institute of Epidemiology, India hi University of Münster, Germany hj University of Haifa, Israel hk Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Iran hl VU University Medical Center, Netherlands hm South African Medical Research Council, South Africa hn Research Institute of Child Nutrition (FKE), Germany ho University of Cambridge, United Kingdom hp Medical University Innsbruck, Austria hq Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Tanzania hr National Cancer Center, South Korea hs Kyushu University, Japan ht Statistics Austria, Austria hu Institute of Tropical Medicine, Belgium hv Tartu University Clinics, Estonia hw Polish Academy of Sciences, Anthropology Unit, Wroclaw, Poland hx University Hospital Ulm, Germany hy Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway hz MRC North-West University, South Africa ia Medical University of Lodz, Poland ib Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, India ic All India Institute of Medical Sciences, India id National Institute of Public Health of Algeria, Algeria ie Ministerio de Salud Pública, Cuba if Sahlgrenska Academy, Sweden ig Food and Agriculture Organization, Italy ih National University of Singapore, Singapore ii Tampere University Hospital, Finland ij Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia ik Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rene Rachou Research Institute, Brazil il University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China im University Medicine Greifswald, Germany in Consejería de Sanidad Junta de Castilla y León, Spain io University of Porto Medical School, Portugal ip University of Uppsala, Sweden iq Jikei University, School of Medicine, Japan ir Italian National Research Council, Italy is Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Australia it Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Brazil iu Harokopio University of Athens, Greece iv University of Otago, New Zealand iw University of Padova, Italy ix University of Reading, United Kingdom iy Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Spain iz Emory University, United States ja Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, India jb Cape Peninsula University of Technology, South Africa jc University of Rzeszow, Poland jd Brown University, United States je University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom jf University College Dublin, Ireland jg Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia jh Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, France ji Robert Koch Institute, Germany jj Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center, Iran jk University of Pécs, Hungary jl Mulago Hospital, Uganda jm University of Limpopo, South Africa jn Universidad de Zaragoza, Spain jo RCSI, Dublin, Ireland jp International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Poland jq Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Iran jr Gorgas Memorial Institute of Public Health, Panama js University of Brescia, Italy jt University of Eastern Finland, Finland ju Mary Immaculate College, Ireland jv Ulm University, Germany jw Kobe University, Japan jx Suraj Eye Institute, India jy Helen Keller International, Cameroon jz Karolinska Institutet, Sweden ka University of Pharmacy and Medicine of Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam kb Hanoi Medical University, Viet Nam kc Universidad Centro-Occidental Lisandro Alvarado, Venezuela kd Heartfile, Pakistan ke Eastern Mediterranean Public Health Network, Jordan kf University of Vale do Rio dos Sinos, Brazil kg National Food and Nutrition Institute, Poland kh University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, Puerto Rico ki Research Center for Prevention and Health, Denmark kj MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, United Kingdom kk University of Novi Sad, Serbia kl Aarhus University, Denmark km Institute for Social and Preventive Medicine, Switzerland kn University of Coimbra, Portugal ko Cancer Prevention and Research Institute, Italy kp University of Madison-Wisconsin, United States kq Ruprecht-Karls-University of Heidelberg, Germany kr University of Bari, Italy ks University Medical Center, Utrecht, Netherlands kt Heart Institute (InCor), Brazil ku Vietnam National Heart Institute, Viet Nam kv Federal Ministry of Health, Bosnia and Herzegovina kw Cardiovascular Prevention Centre, Udine, Italy kx University Hospital of Pisa, Italy ky University of New South Wales, Australia kz Public Health Agency of Catalonia, Spain la Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia lb Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Iran lc Ministry of Health, Viet Nam ld Institute of Epidemiology Disease Control and Research, Bangladesh le Turku University Hospital, Finland lf Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Atenció Primària Jordi Gol, Spain lg University of Malaya, Malaysia lh University of Valencia, Spain li University of the Philippines, Philippines lj Department of Health, Brazil lk Health Center San Agustín, Spain ll PharmAccess Foundation, Netherlands lm Public Health Agency of Canada, Canada ln Canarian Health Service, Spain lo Universidad Industrial de Santander, Colombia lp Fiji National University, Fiji lq University of Madeira, Portugal lr Sitaram Bhartia Institute of Science and Research, India ls Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Tunisia lt University of Helsinki, Finland lu National Institute of Health, Peru lv Ministry of Health, Indonesia lw Catalan Department of Health, Spain lx University of Lisbon, Portugal ly Institute of Preventive Medicine, Portugal lz Research and Education Institute of Child Health, Cyprus ma Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Argentina mb Rigshospitalet, Denmark mc Ministry of Health, Thailand md Lagos State University, College of Medicine, Nigeria me Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Iran mf University of Tokyo, Japan mg Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Finland mh St. Vincent's Hospital, Australia mi Umeå University, Sweden mj Health Polytechnics Institute, Indonesia mk Institut Régional de Santé Publique, Benin ml University of Bordeaux, France mm University of Leuven, Belgium mn INSERM, France mo Heart Foundation, Australia mp Bonn University, Germany mq Sotiria Hospital, Greece mr National Institute of Public Health-National Institute of Hygiene, Poland ms Swansea University, United Kingdom mt Fu Jen Catholi
Trends in adult body-mass index in 200 countries from 1975 to 2014: A pooled analysis of 1698 population-based measurement studies with 19.2 million participants
D'Arrigo G;Maggi S;Noale M;Viegi G;
2016
Abstract
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The Lancet Volume 387, Issue 10026, 2 April 2016, Pages 1377-1396 Trends in adult body-mass index in 200 countries from 1975 to 2014: A pooled analysis of 1698 population-based measurement studies with 19.2 million participants (Review) Di Cesare, M.abny, Bentham, J.a, Stevens, G.A.c, Zhou, B.a, Danaei, G.d, Lu, Y.d, Bixby, H.a, Cowan, M.J.c, Riley, L.M.c, Hajifathalian, K.d, Fortunato, L.a, Taddei, C.e, Bennett, J.E.a, Ikeda, N.f, Khang, Y.-H.g, Kyobutungi, C.h, Laxmaiah, A.i, Li, Y.d, Lin, H.-H.j, Miranda, J.J.k, Mostafa, A.l, Turley, M.L.m, Paciorek, C.J.n, Gunter, M.a, Ezzati, M.a , Abdeen, Z.A.o, Hamid, Z.A.p, Abu-Rmeileh, N.M.q, Acosta-Cazares, B.r, Adams, R.s, Aekplakorn, W.t, Aguilar-Salinas, C.A.u, Ahmadvand, A.v, Ahrens, W.w, Ali, M.M.x, Alkerwi, A.y, Alvarez-Pedrerol, M.z, Aly, E.x, Amouyel, P.aa, Amuzu, A.ab, Andersen, L.B.ac, Anderssen, S.A.ad, Andrade, D.S.ae, Anjana, R.M.af, Aounallah-Skhiri, H.ag, Ariansen, I.ah, Aris, T.ai, Arlappa, N.i, Arveiler, D.aj, Assah, F.K.ak, Avdicová, M.al, Azizi, F.am, Babu, B.V.i, Balakrishna, N.i, Bandosz, P.an, Banegas, J.R.ao, Barbagallo, C.M.ap, Barceló, A.aq, Barkat, A.ar, Barros, M.V.as, Bata, I.at, Batieha, A.M.au, Batista, R.L.av, Baur, L.A.aw, Beaglehole, R.ax, Romdhane, H.B.ay, Benet, M.az, Bernabe-Ortiz, A.k, Bernotiene, G.ba, Bettiol, H.bb, Bhagyalaxmi, A.bc, Bharadwaj, S.bd, Bhargava, S.K.be, Bhatti, Z.bf, Bhutta, Z.A.bf, Bi, H.bg, Bi, Y.bh, Bjerregaard, P.acbi, Bjertness, E.bj, Bjertness, M.B.bj, Björkelund, C.bk, Blake, M.bl, Blokstra, A.bm, Bo, S.bn, Bobak, M.bo, Boddy, L.M.bp, Boehm, B.O.bq, Boeing, H.br, Boissonnet, C.P.bs, Bongard, V.bt, Bovet, P.bubv, Braeckman, L.bw, Bragt, M.C.E.bx, Brajkovich, I.by, Branca, F.c, Breckenkamp, J.bz, Brenner, H.ca, Brewster, L.M.cb, Brian, G.R.cc, Bruno, G.bn, Bueno-De-Mesquita, H.B.bm, Bugge, A.ac, Burns, C.cd, De León, A.C.ce, Cacciottolo, J.cf, Cama, T.cg, Cameron, C.ch, Camolas, J.ci, Can, G.cj, Cândido, A.P.C.ck, Capuano, V.cl, Cardoso, V.C.bb, Carvalho, M.J.cm, 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C.M.kh, Peters, A.ea, Peykari, N.v, Pham, S.T.ku, Pigeot, I.w, Pikhart, H.bo, Pilav, A.kv, Pilotto, L.kw, Pistelli, F.kx, Pitakaka, F.ky, Piwonska, A.ec, Piwonski, J.ec, Plans-Rubió, P.kz, Poh, B.K.la, Porta, M.iy, Portegies, M.L.P.ds, Poulimeneas, D.ft, Pradeepa, R.af, Prashant, M.i, Price, J.F.je, Puiu, M.db, Punab, M.hv, Qasrawi, R.F.o, Qorbani, M.lb, Bao, T.Q.lc, Radic, I.fv, Radisauskas, R.ba, Rahman, M.ld, Raitakari, O.le, Raj, M.ib, Rao, S.R.hh, Ramachandran, A.cq, Ramke, J.ky, Ramos, R.lf, Rampal, S.lg, Rasmussen, F.jz, Redon, J.lh, Reganit, P.F.M.li, Ribeiro, R.lj, Riboli, E.a, Rigo, F.lk, De Wit, T.F.R.ll, Ritti-Dias, R.M.it, Rivera, J.A.et, Robinson, S.M.dh, Robitaille, C.lm, Rodríguez-Artalejo, F.ao, Del Cristo Rodriguez-Perez, M.ln, Rodríguez-Villamizar, L.A.lo, Rojas-Martinez, R.et, Rojroongwasinkul, N.t, Romaguera, D.dl, Ronkainen, K.jt, Rosengren, A.bk, Rouse, I.lp, Rubinstein, A.gf, Rühli, F.J.ej, Rui, O.lq, Ruiz-Betancourt, B.S.r, Horimoto, A.R.V.R.kt, Rutkowski, M.an, Sabanayagam, C.fx, Sachdev, H.S.lr, Saidi, O.ls, Salanave, B.cp, Martinez, E.S.gi, Salomaa, V.hb, Salonen, J.T.lt, Salvetti, M.js, Sánchez-Abanto, J.lu, Sandjajalv, Sans, S.lw, Santos, D.A.lx, Santos, O.ly, Dos Santos, R.N.bb, Santos, R.cm, Sardinha, L.B.lx, Sarrafzadegan, N.jj, Saum, K.-U.ca, Savva, S.C.lz, Scazufca, M.bb, Rosario, A.S.ji, Schargrodsky, H.ma, Schienkiewitz, A.ji, Schmidt, I.M.mb, Schneider, I.J.dn, Schultsz, C.cb, Schutte, A.E.hz, Sein, A.A.mc, Sen, A.hy, Senbanjo, I.O.md, Sepanlou, S.G.me, Shalnova, S.A.dr, Shaw, J.E.is, Shibuya, K.mf, Shin, Y.fx, Shiri, R.mg, Siantar, R.fx, Sibai, A.M.gr, Silva, A.M.av, Silva, D.A.S.dn, Simon, M.cq, Simons, J.mh, Simons, L.A.ky, Sjostrom, M.jz, Slowikowska-Hilczer, J.ia, Slusarczyk, P.jp, Smeeth, L.ab, Smith, M.C.cx, Snijder, M.B.cl, So, H.-K.gj, Sobngwi, E.ak, Söderberg, S.mi, Soekatri, M.Y.E.mj, Solfrizzi, V.kr, Sonestedt, E.fl, Sørensen, T.I.A.dp, Sori?, M.hd, Jérome, C.S.mk, Soumare, A.ml, Staessen, J.A.mm, Starc, G.hc, Stathopoulou, M.G.mn, Staub, K.ej, Stavreski, B.mo, Steene-Johannessen, J.ad, Stehle, P.mp, Stein, A.D.iz, Stergiou, G.S.mq, Stessman, J.gu, Stieber, J.ea, Stöckl, D.ea, Stocks, T.fl, Stokwiszewski, J.mr, Stratton, G.ms, Strufaldi, M.W.ey, Sun, C.-A.mt, Sundström, J.mu, Sung, Y.-T.gj, Sunyer, J.z, Suriyawongpaisal, P.t, Swinburn, B.A.ax, Sy, R.G.li, Szponar, L.kg, Tai, E.S.ih, Tammesoo, M.-L.es, Tamosiunas, A.ba, Tang, L.gz, Tang, X.gp, Tanser, F.ff, Tao, Y.gp, Tarawneh, M.mv, Tarp, J.ac, Tarqui-Mamani, C.B.lu, Taylor, A.s, Tchibindat, F.mw, Thijs, L.mm, Thuesen, B.H.gz, Tjonneland, A.gg, Tolonen, H.K.hb, Tolstrup, J.S.ac, Topbas, M.eh, Topór-Madry, R.fu, Torrent, M.mx, Traissac, P.du, Trichopoulou, A.my, Trichopoulos, D.ny, Trinh, O.T.H.ka, Trivedi, A.mz, Tshepo, L.na, Tulloch-Reid, M.K.em, Tuomainen, T.-P.jt, Tuomilehto, J.nb, Tynelius, P.jz, Tzotzas, T.hf, Tzourio, C.ml, Ueda, P.d, Ukoli, F.A.M.nc, Ulmer, H.nd, Unal, B.ne, Valdivia, G.eq, Vale, S.cm, Valvi, D.d, Van Der Schouw, Y.T.ks, Van Herck, K.bw, Van Minh, H.kb, Van Valkengoed, I.G.M.cb, Vanderschueren, D.df, Vanuzzo, D.nf, Vatten, L.hy, Vega, T.in, Velasquez-Melendez, G.ng, Veronesi, G.fk, Monique Verschuren, W.M.bm, Viegi, G.ir, Viet, L.bm, Viikari-Juntura, E.mg, Vineis, P.a, Vioque, J.nh, Virtanen, J.K.jt, Visvikis-Siest, S.mn, Viswanathan, B.bu, Vollenweider, P.cz, Voutilainen, S.jt, Vrijheid, M.z, Wade, A.N.ni, Wagner, A.nj, Walton, J.nk, Mohamud, W.N.W.nl, Wang, M.-D.lm, Wang, Q.nm, Wang, Y.X.nn, Wannamethee, S.G.bo, Wareham, N.ho, Weerasekera, D.m, Whincup, P.H.no, Widhalm, K.np, Widyahening, I.S.nq, Wiecek, A.dd, Wilks, R.J.em, Willeit, J.hp, Wojtyniak, B.mr, Wong, J.E.la, Wong, T.Y.cr, Woo, J.gj, Woodward, M.awcx, Wu, F.C.er, Wu, J.bg, Wu, S.L.cw, Xu, H.nr, Xu, L.gc, Yamborisut, U.t, Yan, W.ns, Yang, X.nt, Yardim, N.nu, Ye, X.il, Yiallouros, P.K.nv, Yoshihara, A.gt, You, Q.S.gc, Younger-Coleman, N.O.em, Yusoff, A.F.ai, Zainuddin, A.A.jg, Zambon, S.iw, Zdrojewski, T.an, Zeng, Y.cvgp, Zhao, D.gc, Zhao, W.nt, Zheng, Y.fx, Zhou, M.nt, Zhu, D.nw, Zimmermann, E.nx, Cisneros, J.Z.jr View additional authors a School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom b Middlesex University, London, United Kingdom c World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland d Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States e University of Florence, Florence, Italy f National Institute of Health and Nutrition, Tokyo, Japan g Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea h African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya i Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India j National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan k Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru l Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt m Ministry of Health, Wellington, New Zealand n University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States o Al-Quds University, Palestine p Center for Diabetes and Endocrine Care, India q Birzeit University, Palestine r Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico s University of Adelaide, Australia t Mahidol University, Thailand u Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutricion, Mexico v Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Iran w Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology-BIPS, Germany x World Health Organization Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, Egypt y Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg z Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology, Spain aa Lille University and Hospital, France ab London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom ac University of Southern Denmark, Denmark ad Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Norway ae Universidad de Cuenca, Ecuador af Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, India ag National Institute of Public Health, Tunisia ah Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Norway ai Ministry of Health, Malaysia aj Strasbourg University and Hospital, France ak University of Yaoundé 1, Cameroon al Regional Authority of Public Health, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia am Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Iran an Medical University of Gdansk, Poland ao Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain ap University of Palermo, Italy aq Pan American Health Organization, United States ar Université Mohammed V, Rabat, Morocco as University of Pernambuco, Brazil at Dalhousie University, Canada au Jordan University of Science and Technology, Jordan av Federal University of Maranhao, Brazil aw University of Sydney, Australia ax University of Auckland, New Zealand ay University Tunis El Manar, Tunisia az University Medical Science, Cuba ba Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Lithuania bb University of São Paulo, Brazil bc B.J. Medical College, India bd Chirayu Medical College, India be Sunder Lal Jain Hospital, India bf Aga Khan University, Pakistan bg Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China bh Shanghai Jiao-Tong University, School of Medicine, China bi University of Greenland, Greenland bj University of Oslo, Norway bk University of Gothenburg, Sweden bl NatCen Social Research, United Kingdom bm National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Netherlands bn University of Turin, Italy bo University College London, United Kingdom bp Liverpool John Moores University, United Kingdom bq Nanyang Technological University, Singapore br German Institute of Human Nutrition, Germany bs CEMIC, Argentina bt Toulouse University, School of Medicine, France bu Ministry of Health, Seychelles bv University of Lausanne, Switzerland bw Ghent University, Belgium bx FrieslandCampina, Singapore by Universidad Central de Venezuela, Venezuela bz Bielefeld University, Germany ca German Cancer Research Center, Germany cb University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, Netherlands cc Fred Hollows Foundation New Zealand, New Zealand cd Cork Institute of Technology, Ireland ce University La Laguna, Spain cf University of Malta, Malta cg Ministry of Health, Tonga ch Canadian Fitness and Lifestyle Research Institute, Canada ci Hospital Santa Maria, CHLN, Portugal cj Istanbul University, Turkey ck Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Brazil cl Cardiologia di Mercato S. Severino, Italy cm University of Porto, Portugal cn Santiago de Compostela University, Spain co Associazione Calabrese di Epatologia, Italy cp French Institute for Health Surveillance, France cq India Diabetes Research Foundation, India cr Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore cs National Institute of Medical Statistics, India ct Academia Sinica, Taiwan cu Capital Institute of Pediatrics, China cv Duke University, United States cw Kailuan General Hospital, China cx University of Oxford, United Kingdom cy Gertner Institute for Epidemiology and Health Policy Research, Israel cz Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland da Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taiwan db Victor Babe? University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Romania dc Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, South Korea dd Medical University of Silesia, Poland de Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic df Katholieke Universiteit, Leuven, Belgium dg Agency for Preventive and Social Medicine, Austria dh University of Southampton, United Kingdom di IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Neuromed, Italy dj Institut Pasteur de Lille, France dk Westmead University of Sydney, Australia dl CIBEROBN, Spain dm National Council of Research, Italy dn Federal University of Santa Catarina, Brazil do Eduardo Mondlane University, Mozambique dp University of Copenhagen, Denmark dq Lille University Hospital, France dr National Research Centre for Preventive Medicine, Russian Federation ds Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands dt University of Montreal, Canada du Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, France dv Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, Brazil dw National Council of Scientific and Technical Research, Argentina dx National Institute of Nutrition, Viet Nam dy University of Queensland, Australia dz Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Italy ea Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany eb Ministère de la Santé et de la Lutte Contre le Sida, Cote d'Ivoire ec Cardinal Wyszynski Institute of Cardiology, Poland ed University of Benin, College of Medical Sciences, Nigeria ee National Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Tunisia ef University of California, Davis, United States eg University of Stellenbosch, South Africa eh Karadeniz Technical University, Turkey ei Queen's University of Belfast, United Kingdom ej University of Zurich, Switzerland ek Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran el Centro de Salud Villanueva Norte, Spain em University of the West Indies, Jamaica en Hospital Don Benito-Villanueva de la Serena, Spain eo Ministry of Health, Argentina ep Council for Agriculture Research and Economics, Italy eq Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile er University of Manchester, United Kingdom es University of Tartu, Estonia et Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Mexico eu Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia ev Luleå University, Sweden ew Stanford University, United States ex WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, Egypt ey Federal University of São Paulo, Brazil ez Hospital Universitario, Son Espases, Spain fa Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Brazil fb Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil fc Kinki University, Faculty of Medicine, Japan fd Kyoto University, Japan fe Medical University of Warsaw, Poland ff University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa fg Geneva University Hospitals, Switzerland fh CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Spain fi Australian Bureau of Statistics, Australia fj Wageningen University, Netherlands fk University of Insubria, Italy fl Lund University, Sweden fm Nutrition Department, Ministry of Health, Israel fn Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain fo Andes Clinic of Cardio-Metabolic Studies, Venezuela fp National Institute of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Microbiology, Cuba fq Université de Lille 2, France fr Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Czech Republic fs Children's Memorial Health Institute, Poland ft Alexander Technological Educational Institute, Greece fu Jagiellonian University Medical College, Poland fv Institute of Public Health of Vojvodina, Serbia fw National Center of Cardiovascular Diseases, China fx Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore fy Icelandic Heart Association, Iceland fz Universidad Icesi, Colombia ga State University of Montes Claros, Brazil gb King's College London, United Kingdom gc Capital Medical University, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, China gd Healis-Sekhsaria Institute for Public Health, India ge University of Ibadan, Nigeria gf Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy, Argentina gg Danish Cancer Society Research Centre, Denmark gh Tulane University, United States gi National Institute of Public Health, Mexico gj Chinese University of Hong Kong, China gk University of Western Australia, Australia gl Fundación Oftalmológica de Santander, Colombia gm Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Brazil gn University of Oran 1, Algeria go Ministry of Health, Myanmar gp Peking University, Health Science Center, China gq International Agency for Research on Cancer, France gr American University of Beirut, Lebanon gs Cairo University, Egypt gt Niigata University, Japan gu Hadassah University Medical Center, Israel gv Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Kuwait gw Guangzhou 12th Hospital, China gx Simon Fraser University, Canada gy Ruprecht-Karls University of Heidelberg, Germany gz Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Denmark ha World Health Organization Country Office, India hb National Institute for Health and Welfare, Finland hc University of Ljubljana, Slovenia hd University of Zagreb, Croatia he University of Crete, Greece hf Hellenic Medical Association for Obesity, Greece hg Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, United States hh National Institute of Epidemiology, India hi University of Münster, Germany hj University of Haifa, Israel hk Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Iran hl VU University Medical Center, Netherlands hm South African Medical Research Council, South Africa hn Research Institute of Child Nutrition (FKE), Germany ho University of Cambridge, United Kingdom hp Medical University Innsbruck, Austria hq Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Tanzania hr National Cancer Center, South Korea hs Kyushu University, Japan ht Statistics Austria, Austria hu Institute of Tropical Medicine, Belgium hv Tartu University Clinics, Estonia hw Polish Academy of Sciences, Anthropology Unit, Wroclaw, Poland hx University Hospital Ulm, Germany hy Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway hz MRC North-West University, South Africa ia Medical University of Lodz, Poland ib Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, India ic All India Institute of Medical Sciences, India id National Institute of Public Health of Algeria, Algeria ie Ministerio de Salud Pública, Cuba if Sahlgrenska Academy, Sweden ig Food and Agriculture Organization, Italy ih National University of Singapore, Singapore ii Tampere University Hospital, Finland ij Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia ik Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rene Rachou Research Institute, Brazil il University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China im University Medicine Greifswald, Germany in Consejería de Sanidad Junta de Castilla y León, Spain io University of Porto Medical School, Portugal ip University of Uppsala, Sweden iq Jikei University, School of Medicine, Japan ir Italian National Research Council, Italy is Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Australia it Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Brazil iu Harokopio University of Athens, Greece iv University of Otago, New Zealand iw University of Padova, Italy ix University of Reading, United Kingdom iy Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Spain iz Emory University, United States ja Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, India jb Cape Peninsula University of Technology, South Africa jc University of Rzeszow, Poland jd Brown University, United States je University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom jf University College Dublin, Ireland jg Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia jh Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, France ji Robert Koch Institute, Germany jj Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center, Iran jk University of Pécs, Hungary jl Mulago Hospital, Uganda jm University of Limpopo, South Africa jn Universidad de Zaragoza, Spain jo RCSI, Dublin, Ireland jp International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Poland jq Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Iran jr Gorgas Memorial Institute of Public Health, Panama js University of Brescia, Italy jt University of Eastern Finland, Finland ju Mary Immaculate College, Ireland jv Ulm University, Germany jw Kobe University, Japan jx Suraj Eye Institute, India jy Helen Keller International, Cameroon jz Karolinska Institutet, Sweden ka University of Pharmacy and Medicine of Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam kb Hanoi Medical University, Viet Nam kc Universidad Centro-Occidental Lisandro Alvarado, Venezuela kd Heartfile, Pakistan ke Eastern Mediterranean Public Health Network, Jordan kf University of Vale do Rio dos Sinos, Brazil kg National Food and Nutrition Institute, Poland kh University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, Puerto Rico ki Research Center for Prevention and Health, Denmark kj MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, United Kingdom kk University of Novi Sad, Serbia kl Aarhus University, Denmark km Institute for Social and Preventive Medicine, Switzerland kn University of Coimbra, Portugal ko Cancer Prevention and Research Institute, Italy kp University of Madison-Wisconsin, United States kq Ruprecht-Karls-University of Heidelberg, Germany kr University of Bari, Italy ks University Medical Center, Utrecht, Netherlands kt Heart Institute (InCor), Brazil ku Vietnam National Heart Institute, Viet Nam kv Federal Ministry of Health, Bosnia and Herzegovina kw Cardiovascular Prevention Centre, Udine, Italy kx University Hospital of Pisa, Italy ky University of New South Wales, Australia kz Public Health Agency of Catalonia, Spain la Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia lb Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Iran lc Ministry of Health, Viet Nam ld Institute of Epidemiology Disease Control and Research, Bangladesh le Turku University Hospital, Finland lf Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Atenció Primària Jordi Gol, Spain lg University of Malaya, Malaysia lh University of Valencia, Spain li University of the Philippines, Philippines lj Department of Health, Brazil lk Health Center San Agustín, Spain ll PharmAccess Foundation, Netherlands lm Public Health Agency of Canada, Canada ln Canarian Health Service, Spain lo Universidad Industrial de Santander, Colombia lp Fiji National University, Fiji lq University of Madeira, Portugal lr Sitaram Bhartia Institute of Science and Research, India ls Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Tunisia lt University of Helsinki, Finland lu National Institute of Health, Peru lv Ministry of Health, Indonesia lw Catalan Department of Health, Spain lx University of Lisbon, Portugal ly Institute of Preventive Medicine, Portugal lz Research and Education Institute of Child Health, Cyprus ma Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Argentina mb Rigshospitalet, Denmark mc Ministry of Health, Thailand md Lagos State University, College of Medicine, Nigeria me Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Iran mf University of Tokyo, Japan mg Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Finland mh St. Vincent's Hospital, Australia mi Umeå University, Sweden mj Health Polytechnics Institute, Indonesia mk Institut Régional de Santé Publique, Benin ml University of Bordeaux, France mm University of Leuven, Belgium mn INSERM, France mo Heart Foundation, Australia mp Bonn University, Germany mq Sotiria Hospital, Greece mr National Institute of Public Health-National Institute of Hygiene, Poland ms Swansea University, United Kingdom mt Fu Jen CatholiI documenti in IRIS sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.
