Varieties of capitalism's theory of innovation and a conceptual integration with leadership-oriented executives: the relation between typologies of executive, technological and socioeconomic performances

The economic literature suggests several approaches to explain the differences of technological performances among nations, such as the varieties of capitalism's theory of innovation. However, the relation between typologies of executive and technological performances of countries is generally absent in current frameworks. Results of the study here show that high levels of technological performance of nations seem to be associated to executive with parliamentary monarchy and monarchy (leadership-oriented governments), whereas nations with mixed executive tend to have lower technological performances. A possible reason of these results is that, in general, some typologies of executive leadership-oriented (e.g., monarchy) support the political stability of countries with subsequent socioeconomic developmental paths over the long run. Overall, then, this study shows that the structure of executives can be one of contributing factors that explains dissimilar patterns of technological innovation and socioeconomic growth of nations over time.