From 4th century b. C. Aristotelian meteorology conditioned for about two thousand years the scientific interpretation of atmospheric phenomena, since Aristotle had assumed, in the sciences, an indisputable authority: ipse dixit. A new scientific era begun in the 17th century, when the Galilean method affirmed the primacy of experimental measures on apodictic deductions, but it is with E. Torricelli that, with the experimental discovery of atmospheric pres-sure (1644), the basis of modern meteorology were set. Until the second half of the 18th century, the meteorological instruments al-lowed only direct readings. Soon they went from indicator instruments to rec-ord instruments. These latter instruments permitted to detect uninterruptedly the temporal trend of the main atmospheric quantities. This allowed studies according to the modern meteorology and the beginning of climatology. Since the 19th century, the study of meteorological instruments had an ac-celeration, thanks to the possibility to realize the electrical recording of the measured data. At the end of that century, the various Meteorological Ob-servatories began to feel the need to use standardized detecting devices and standardized methodologies: for this purpose in 1879 the International Mete-orological Organization, IMO, was founded. In 1951 UN replaced the IMO with the WMO, World Meteorological Or-ganization. WMO purposes were and are to promote a worldwide system of meteorological observations, to encourage the exchange of standard infor-mation, to support design and to carry out new instruments for measuring and monitoring meteorological parameters. In the 70s of 20th century, there was a further drastic change in the structure of the instruments, which by electrome-chanical devices, with analogic recording of data, became electronic devices, with digital recording of data. Today, thanks to the "electronic revolution", in addition to the instruments for measuring the traditional meteorological quantities, for the new human-environment relationship, there are instruments for measuring and monitoring the atmosphere, the soil and the waters, in relation to human activities.
Dal IV secolo a. C. la meteorologia aristotelica ha condizionato per circa duemila anni l'interpretazione scientifica dei fenomeni atmosferici, avendo assunto Aristotele, nelle scienze, una autorità indiscutibile: ipse dixit. Si deve giungere al XVII secolo per iniziare una nuova era, nella quale il metodo galileiano afferma il primato delle misure sperimentali sulle deduzioni apodittiche, ma è con Evangelista Torricelli che, con la scoperta sperimentale della pressione atmosferica (1644), si pongono le basi della meteorologia moderna. Fino alla seconda metà del XVIII secolo gli strumenti meteorologici consentivano solamente letture dirette. Ben presto si passò da strumenti indicatori a strumenti registratori; questi permisero di rilevare ininterrottamente l'andamento temporale delle principali grandezze atmosferiche, consentendo così studi secondo la moderna meteorologia e dando inizio alla climatologia. Dal XIX secolo lo studio degli strumenti meteorologici subì una accelerazione, grazie alla possibilità di realizzare la registrazione elettrica dei dati rilevati. Sul finire di detto secolo i diversi Osservatori Meteorologici iniziarono a sentire l'esigenza di usare apparecchiature e metodologie di rilevamento standardizzate: a tale scopo nel 1879 fu fondata l'Organizzazione Meteorologica Internazionale (OMI). Nel XX secolo l'ONU sostituì l'OMI con l'OMM, Organizzazione Meteorologica Mondiale (Ginevra, 1951); scopi di questa nuova istituzione erano, e sono: promuovere un sistema mondiale di osservazioni meteorologiche, favorire lo scambio di informazioni standard, sostenere la progettazione e la realizzazione di nuovi strumenti di misura e di monitoraggio dei parametri meteorologici. In questo secolo, negli anni settanta, si ebbe un ulteriore drastico cambiamento della struttura degli strumenti: si passò da quelli elettromeccanici, con registrazione analogica dei dati, a quelli elettronici con registrazione digitale. Oggi, grazie alla "rivoluzione elettronica", con gli strumenti per misurare le grandezze meteorologiche tradizionali, sono disponibili anche quelli che, per il nuovo rapporto uomo-ambiente, consentono di misurare e monitorare l'atmosfera, il suolo e le acque, in relazione alle attività antropiche.
Breve storia della strumentazione meteorologica nella cultura occidentale
Fabrizio Benincasa;Matteo De Vincenzi;Gianni Fasano
2018
Abstract
From 4th century b. C. Aristotelian meteorology conditioned for about two thousand years the scientific interpretation of atmospheric phenomena, since Aristotle had assumed, in the sciences, an indisputable authority: ipse dixit. A new scientific era begun in the 17th century, when the Galilean method affirmed the primacy of experimental measures on apodictic deductions, but it is with E. Torricelli that, with the experimental discovery of atmospheric pres-sure (1644), the basis of modern meteorology were set. Until the second half of the 18th century, the meteorological instruments al-lowed only direct readings. Soon they went from indicator instruments to rec-ord instruments. These latter instruments permitted to detect uninterruptedly the temporal trend of the main atmospheric quantities. This allowed studies according to the modern meteorology and the beginning of climatology. Since the 19th century, the study of meteorological instruments had an ac-celeration, thanks to the possibility to realize the electrical recording of the measured data. At the end of that century, the various Meteorological Ob-servatories began to feel the need to use standardized detecting devices and standardized methodologies: for this purpose in 1879 the International Mete-orological Organization, IMO, was founded. In 1951 UN replaced the IMO with the WMO, World Meteorological Or-ganization. WMO purposes were and are to promote a worldwide system of meteorological observations, to encourage the exchange of standard infor-mation, to support design and to carry out new instruments for measuring and monitoring meteorological parameters. In the 70s of 20th century, there was a further drastic change in the structure of the instruments, which by electrome-chanical devices, with analogic recording of data, became electronic devices, with digital recording of data. Today, thanks to the "electronic revolution", in addition to the instruments for measuring the traditional meteorological quantities, for the new human-environment relationship, there are instruments for measuring and monitoring the atmosphere, the soil and the waters, in relation to human activities.I documenti in IRIS sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.