The analysis of landslide, essential for designing remedial works in risk management, presents considerable complexities, requires a significant commitment and is time consuming. The systematic analysis of the results concerning studies of representative landslides in homogeneous geonvironmental and social contexts allows to identify ?families? of typified landslides intended here as two or more landslides that have similar charac- teristic elements (geomaterials, maximum depth, velocity, etc.). This paper proposes a method able to both define landslide mechanisms linked to a family of typified landslides and export the knowledge from a single slope to large area and regional analyses in a circular and effective way. The spread of high-grade metamorphic rocks in the Calabria Region, especially gneissic ones, and their deeply weathering conditions expose them to a high landslide occurrence. In this context, the proposed method and the related results are useful tools for defining effective strategies for adaptation, mitigation and reduction of landslide risk. The Calabria territory represents a "landslides laboratory" in which the performed studies and the obtained results allowed to gather a big amount of data that can be analysed by the proposed method. In the paper, regional level of analysis, that use the map of weathering and the landslide inventory map (PAI), allows to typify the relationship between three macro classes of weathering (macro-class A, loose rock; macro-class B, weak rock; and macro-class C, hard rock) and landslides. At large area level, the paper focuses on two study areas affected by shallow (deep of the sliding surface less than 3 m), medium-deep (up to 30 m deep) and deep-seated landslides (deeper than 30 m) involving deeply weathered gneissic rocks. Weathering profiles are generally complex and the geometric relationships between weathering classes (i.e., class VI - residual and colluvial soils; class V - completely weathered rock; class IV - highly weathered rock; class III - moderately weathered rock; class II - slightly weathered rock; and class I - fresh rock) can be transitional (i.e., 'canonical' or 'normal/regular' sequence) or abrupt when controlled by joints/faults or rock structure (due to the compositional heterogeneity of the gneiss). The performed analyses allow to typify landslides in terms of weathering classes, prevalent kinematic characteristics, maximum depth of the sliding surfaces. Single slope level of analysis, using of the available detailed geological, lithotechnical, geomorphological and geotechnical re- sults, allows identifying, from studies directly finalized to the definition of the geological and the geotechnical models of two landslides (medium deep and a deep seated), further specific elements that concur to typify the landslides affecting weathered gneissic rocks. The obtained results, which must be confirmed, indicate the usefulness of the approach. In particular, regional level of analysis allows identifying the areas to be analysed at large area level. The typified elements defined from large area level of analysis allow the selection of other more widespread and representative landslides to be analysed at slope level with field surveys, geotechnical investigations, monitoring, modelling, etc. The same typified elements allow to plan the priorities of the remedial works and to better define the use of the available resources. Finally, slope level of analysis allows maximizing the knowledge acquired for assigned resources and, therefore, to guarantee in the medium-long term greater socio-economic sustainability of the realised remedial works.
. Le frane e la loro conoscenza, essenziale per progettare gli interventi che concorrono alla gestione del rischio, presentano notevoli complessità e richiedono un impegno rilevante di tempo e di risorse. L'analisi sistematica dei risultati di studi su frane rappresentative in contesti geo-ambientali e sociali omogenei consente di individuare "famiglie" di frane tipizzate costituite da due o più frane che presentano un adeguato numero di elementi caratteristici simili (geomateriali, profondità massima, velocità caratteristiche, ecc.). Il metodo proposto nella nota consente una comprensione più rapida dei meccanismi di frana riconducibili ad una famiglia di frane tipizzate e, ancora, di trasferire e utilizzare le conoscenze dal singolo versante, all'area vasta ed all'analisi regionale in maniera circolare ed efficace. La diffusione delle rocce metamorfiche in Calabria, gneissiche in particolare, e il profondo grado di alterazione che le caratterizza, le espone ad un'elevata suscettibilità alle frane. In tale scenario, il metodo proposto ed i risultati che fornisce costituiscono utili strumenti per la definizione di efficaci strategie di intervento per l'adattamento, la mitigazione e la riduzione del rischio da frana. Utilizzando risultati relativi ad aree e siti oggetto di studi interdisciplinari, sono illustrati nella nota gli elementi di frana tipizzati con i livelli di analisi considerati (regionale, su area vasta e di dettaglio). La discussione dei risultati delinea la praticabilità del percorso proposto e conferma l'utilità a sviluppare l'approccio, con i dovuti approfondimenti e le necessarie precisazioni, per altri contesti geoambientali. Si rileva, in conclusione, come la disponibilità di frane tipizzate consente su area vasta di pianificare le priorità degli interventi e di programmare al meglio l'utilizzo delle risorse disponibili, mentre per il singolo versante permette di massimizzare le conoscenze a parità di risorse disponibili e, quindi, di garantire una maggiore sostenibilità socio-economica degli interventi nel medio-lungo termine. Gli elementi tipizzati con livello di analisi regionale indirizzano, infine, la scelta di aree di studio rappresentative di particolari possibili condizioni di rischio.
FRANE TIPIZZATE IN ROCCE GNEISSICHE: RILEVANZA E STATO DELL'ARTE
Luigi Borrelli;Luigi Aceto
2020
Abstract
The analysis of landslide, essential for designing remedial works in risk management, presents considerable complexities, requires a significant commitment and is time consuming. The systematic analysis of the results concerning studies of representative landslides in homogeneous geonvironmental and social contexts allows to identify ?families? of typified landslides intended here as two or more landslides that have similar charac- teristic elements (geomaterials, maximum depth, velocity, etc.). This paper proposes a method able to both define landslide mechanisms linked to a family of typified landslides and export the knowledge from a single slope to large area and regional analyses in a circular and effective way. The spread of high-grade metamorphic rocks in the Calabria Region, especially gneissic ones, and their deeply weathering conditions expose them to a high landslide occurrence. In this context, the proposed method and the related results are useful tools for defining effective strategies for adaptation, mitigation and reduction of landslide risk. The Calabria territory represents a "landslides laboratory" in which the performed studies and the obtained results allowed to gather a big amount of data that can be analysed by the proposed method. In the paper, regional level of analysis, that use the map of weathering and the landslide inventory map (PAI), allows to typify the relationship between three macro classes of weathering (macro-class A, loose rock; macro-class B, weak rock; and macro-class C, hard rock) and landslides. At large area level, the paper focuses on two study areas affected by shallow (deep of the sliding surface less than 3 m), medium-deep (up to 30 m deep) and deep-seated landslides (deeper than 30 m) involving deeply weathered gneissic rocks. Weathering profiles are generally complex and the geometric relationships between weathering classes (i.e., class VI - residual and colluvial soils; class V - completely weathered rock; class IV - highly weathered rock; class III - moderately weathered rock; class II - slightly weathered rock; and class I - fresh rock) can be transitional (i.e., 'canonical' or 'normal/regular' sequence) or abrupt when controlled by joints/faults or rock structure (due to the compositional heterogeneity of the gneiss). The performed analyses allow to typify landslides in terms of weathering classes, prevalent kinematic characteristics, maximum depth of the sliding surfaces. Single slope level of analysis, using of the available detailed geological, lithotechnical, geomorphological and geotechnical re- sults, allows identifying, from studies directly finalized to the definition of the geological and the geotechnical models of two landslides (medium deep and a deep seated), further specific elements that concur to typify the landslides affecting weathered gneissic rocks. The obtained results, which must be confirmed, indicate the usefulness of the approach. In particular, regional level of analysis allows identifying the areas to be analysed at large area level. The typified elements defined from large area level of analysis allow the selection of other more widespread and representative landslides to be analysed at slope level with field surveys, geotechnical investigations, monitoring, modelling, etc. The same typified elements allow to plan the priorities of the remedial works and to better define the use of the available resources. Finally, slope level of analysis allows maximizing the knowledge acquired for assigned resources and, therefore, to guarantee in the medium-long term greater socio-economic sustainability of the realised remedial works.I documenti in IRIS sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.