Grapevine: resistance genes, small RNAs and immunity

In this chapter we present a review on the studies and analyses of grapevine genome, from the progress on markers to identify the segregating alleles in the crosses between varieties, to the assembly of genome sequences and to transcriptomic studies. The focus of this chapter is on resistance genes, either dominant Nucleotide binding-Leucine Rich Repeat Receptors (NLRs), or the non-host resistance genes, such as proteins regulating intracellular trafficking, and transcription factors. Lastly, a role of secondary metabolites in response to pathogens is discussed. A second line of defense is presented, based on small RNAs and RNA silencing, that is targeted by pathogen Silencing Suppressors. Finally, the potential future developments based on nanoparticles, extracellular vesicles, nanobodies, cross-kingdom RNA trafficking, and delivery of naked or enveloped nucleic acids is discussed.