Context: The Covid-19 pandemic hit the developed world differentially due to accidental factors, and countries had to respond rapidly within existing resources, structures, and processes to manage totally new health challenges. This study aimed to identify which pre-existing structural factors facilitated better outcomes despite different starting points, as understanding of the relative impact of structural aspects should facilitate achieving optimal forward progress. Methods: Desk study, based on selecting and collecting a range of measures for 48 representative characteristics of 42 countries' demography, society, health system, and policy-making profiles, matched to three pandemic time points. Different analytic approaches were employed including correlation, multiple regression, and cluster analysis in order to seek triangulation. Findings: Population structure (except country size), and volume and nature of health resources, had only minor links to Covid impact. Depth of social inequality, poverty, population age structure, and strength of preventive health measures unexpectedly had no moderating effect. Strongest measured influences were population current enrolment in tertiary education, and country leaders' strength of seeking scientific evidence. The representativeness, and by interpretation the empathy, of government leadership also had positive effects. Conclusion: Strength of therapeutic health system, and indeed of preventive health services, surprisingly had little correlation with impact of the pandemic in the first nine months measured in death- or case-rates. However, specific political system features, including proportional representation electoral systems, and absence of a strong single party majority, were consistent features of the most successful national responses, as was being of a small or moderate population size, and with tertiary education facilitated. It can be interpreted that the way a country was lead, and whether leadership sought evidence and shared the reasoning behind resultant policies, had notable effects. This has significant implications within health system development and in promoting the population's health.
Contesto: La pandemia da Covid-19 ha colpito il mondo sviluppato in modo diverso a causa di fattori accidentali e i paesi hanno dovuto rispondere rapidamente facendo ricorso a risorse, strutture e processi esistenti per gestire sfide sanitarie totalmente nuove. Questo studio mira a identificare quali fattori strutturali preesistenti hanno facilitato risultati migliori dati i diversi punti di partenza, poiché la comprensione dell'impatto relativo degli aspetti strutturali dovrebbe facilitare il raggiungimento di progressi ottimali in futuro. Metodologia: Desk research, basata sulla selezione e sulla raccolta di una serie di misure per 48 caratteristiche rappresentative della demografia, della società, del sistema sanitario e dei profili decisionali di 42 paesi, abbinato a tre momenti della pandemia pandemia. Sono stati impiegati diversi approcci analitici tra cui correlazione, regressione multipla e analisi dei cluster. Risultati: La struttura della popolazione (eccetto le dimensioni del paese) e il volume e la natura delle risorse sanitarie hanno avuto solo effetti minori sull'impatto del Covid. La disuguaglianza sociale, la povertà, la struttura per età della popolazione e le misure sanitarie preventive non hanno avuto, inaspettatamente, alcun effetto. Le influenze più forti sono state l'istruzione terziaria e la forza dei leader dei paesi nel cercare prove scientifiche. Anche la rappresentatività, e per riflesso l'empatia, della leadership di governo ha avuto effetti positivi. Conclusione: La forza del sistema sanitario, e in effetti dei servizi sanitari preventivi, ha sorprendentemente avuto poca correlazione con l'impatto della pandemia nei primi nove mesi misurati nei tassi di mortalità o di casi. Tuttavia, le caratteristiche specifiche del sistema politico, compresi i sistemi elettorali a rappresentanza proporzionale e l'assenza di una forte maggioranza a partito unico, sono state caratteristiche coerenti delle risposte nazionali di maggior successo, poiché la dimensione della popolazione era piccola o moderata e l'istruzione terziaria facilitata. Si può interpretare che il modo in cui un paese è stato guidato, e se la leadership ha cercato prove e condiviso il ragionamento alla base delle politiche implementate, ha avuto effetti notevoli. Ciò ha implicazioni significative nello sviluppo del sistema sanitario e nella promozione della salute della popolazione.
When Covid-19 first struck: Analysis of the influence of structural characteristics of countries - technocracy is strengthened by open democracy
Pecoraro F;Cellini M;Luzi D
2021
Abstract
Context: The Covid-19 pandemic hit the developed world differentially due to accidental factors, and countries had to respond rapidly within existing resources, structures, and processes to manage totally new health challenges. This study aimed to identify which pre-existing structural factors facilitated better outcomes despite different starting points, as understanding of the relative impact of structural aspects should facilitate achieving optimal forward progress. Methods: Desk study, based on selecting and collecting a range of measures for 48 representative characteristics of 42 countries' demography, society, health system, and policy-making profiles, matched to three pandemic time points. Different analytic approaches were employed including correlation, multiple regression, and cluster analysis in order to seek triangulation. Findings: Population structure (except country size), and volume and nature of health resources, had only minor links to Covid impact. Depth of social inequality, poverty, population age structure, and strength of preventive health measures unexpectedly had no moderating effect. Strongest measured influences were population current enrolment in tertiary education, and country leaders' strength of seeking scientific evidence. The representativeness, and by interpretation the empathy, of government leadership also had positive effects. Conclusion: Strength of therapeutic health system, and indeed of preventive health services, surprisingly had little correlation with impact of the pandemic in the first nine months measured in death- or case-rates. However, specific political system features, including proportional representation electoral systems, and absence of a strong single party majority, were consistent features of the most successful national responses, as was being of a small or moderate population size, and with tertiary education facilitated. It can be interpreted that the way a country was lead, and whether leadership sought evidence and shared the reasoning behind resultant policies, had notable effects. This has significant implications within health system development and in promoting the population's health.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Descrizione: When Covid-19 first struck: Analysis of the influence of structural characteristics of countries - technocracy is strengthened by open democracy
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