An explorative case-study research on the Italian scrap-based steel slag value chain

This paper analyses the electric arc furnace slag (black slag) and secondary metallurgy slag (white slag) value chain through explorative multiple-case research from five Italian steel producers. The analysis is focused on the various value chain features, namely technology, legislation, production volume, and economic. We discuss slag's valorisation opportunities in a circular economy through closed-loop flows and supply chain integration strategies and describe the challenges steel producers encounter to benefit from the industrial symbiosis. Considering Italy's paramount role in the research and development in slag in the EU, the results build a framework that can be utilised in other countries.