Optimal use of Prede POM sky radiometer for aerosol, water vapor, and ozone retrievals

The Prede POM sky radiometer is a filter radiometer deployed worldwide in the SKYNET international network. A new method called, Skyrad pack MRI version 2 (MRI v2), is here presented, to retrieve aerosol properties (size distribution, real and imaginary parts of the refractive index, single-scattering albedo, asymmetry factor, lidar ratio, and linear depolarization ratio), and water vapor and ozone column concentrations from the sky radiometer measurements. MRI v2 overcomes two limitations of previous methods (Skyrad pack versions 4.2 and 5, and MRI version 1). One is the use of all the wavelengths of 315, 340, 380, 400, 500, 675, 870, 940, 1020, 1627, and 2200 nm, if available from the sky radiometers, for example, in POM-02 models. The previous methods cannot use the wavelengths of 315, 940, 1627, and 2200 nm. This enables us to provide improved estimates of the aerosol optical properties, covering almost all the wavelengths of solar radiation. The other is the use of measurements in the principal plane geometry in addition to the solar almucantar plane geometry that is used in the previous versions. The measurements in the principal plane are regularly performed, however they are currently not exploited despite being useful in the case of small solar zenith angles, when the scattering angle distribution for almucantars becomes too small to yield useful information. Moreover, in the inversion algorithm, MRI v2 optimizes the smoothness constraints of the spectral dependencies of the refractive index and size distribution, and changes the contribution of the diffuse radiances to the cost function according to the aerosol optical depth. These overcome issues with the estimation of the size distribution and single-scattering albedo in the Skyrad pack version 4.2. The scattering model used here allows for non-spherical particles, improving results for mineral dust and permitting to evaluate the depolarization ratio.An assessment of the retrieval uncertainties using synthetic measurement show that best performance is obtained when the aerosol optical depths is larger than 0.2 at 500 nm. Improvements over the Skyrad pack versions 4.2 and 5 are obtained for the retrieved size distribution, imaginary part of the refractive index, single-scattering albedo, and lidar ratio at Tsukuba, Japan, while yielding comparable retrievals of the aerosol optical depth, real part of the refractive index, and asymmetry factor. A radiative closure study using surface solar irradiances from Baseline Surface Radiation Network and the parameters retrieved from MRI v2 showed consistency, with a positive bias of the simulated global irradiance, about +24 Wm-2 (+3 %). Furthermore, the MRI v2 retrievals of the refractive index, single-scattering albedo, asymmetry factor, and size distribution have been found in agreement with integrated profiles of aircraft in-situ measurements of two Saharan dust events at the Cape Verde archipelago, during the SAVEX-D 2015 field campaign.