As a practice reserved for the merchant world, bankruptcy proceedings made several exceptions to the general principles of Roman civil law, and like the developing of commercial law from judgements and customs they made up a separate legal world which was usually supplemented by the use of commercial arbitration to speed up the development of legal actions. Bankruptcy legislation tended to provide protection nets for those who had failed without their fault, due due to adverse economic conditions or as a result of fraudulent behaviour on the part of others ; however, it reserved severe penalties for those who sought to make illegal profits through bankruptcy proceedings, often by declaring their intent to flee (fugitive failures). In both, the prospect of a bankruptcy coincided with a loss of livelihood, temporary or continuous, and therefore with the impossibility of continuing to present itself in the social context of reference, marking a difference between the situation before the bankruptcy and after it. This situation had knock-on effects on those who went bust : requests for help and support, appeals to the authorities, refuge in relief institutions, sometimes even family dismemberment. The consequences of a failure from the point of view of social belonging, and of the representation of oneself and one's family, were generally very serious, and yet very difficult to reconstruct: the losers disappear from the documents, rarely re-emerging in the petitions addressed to the government by the family members. However, it was the fugitives who were perceived as anomalous bodies within the merchant community, as disruptors of the good reputation of merchandise in general and of the reputation of a merchant place in particular.
Come prassi riservata agli operatori del mondo mercantile, la procedura fallimentare presentava numerose eccezioni ai principi del diritto civile di origine romana, una sorta di mondo giuridico a sé stante che veniva abitualmente integrato dall'uso dell'arbitrato per rendere più veloci gli sviluppi dei processi. La legislazione fallimentare tendeva a stendere reti di protezione per coloro che si trovavano falliti loro malgrado, a causa delle avverse condizioni congiunturali o per la conseguenza di un comportamento fraudolento altrui; riservava tuttavia pene severe a coloro che attraverso la procedura di fallimento cercavano di ottenere profitti illeciti, spesso dichiarando il proprio dolo con la fuga (falliti fuggitivi). Per entrambe le situazioni, la prospettiva del fallimento coincideva con una perdita dei mezzi di sostentamento, temporanea o duratura, e dunque con l'impossibilità di continuare a presentarsi nel contesto sociale di riferimento: definiva in altri termini un 'prima' e un 'dopo' estremamente diversi. La nuova condizione di emergenza scatenava effetti a catena: richieste di aiuto e sostentamento, appelli alle autorità, rifugio presso le istituzioni di soccorso, talvolta anche smembramento familiare. Le conseguenze di un fallimento dal punto di vista dell'appartenenza sociale, e della rappresentazione di sé e della propria famiglia, erano in genere assai gravi, e tuttavia risultano molto difficili da ricostruire: i falliti spariscono dai documenti, riemergendo flebilmente nelle suppliche rivolte al governo da parte dei familiari. Tuttavia erano i fuggitivi a essere percepiti come corpi anomali all'interno della comunità mercantile, in quanto disgregatori della buona fama della mercanzia e della reputazione di una piazza.
Riflessioni sulla relazione tra procedure fallimentari e declassamento sociale in età moderna (con note a margine sul caso veneziano)
Isabella Cecchini
2021
Abstract
As a practice reserved for the merchant world, bankruptcy proceedings made several exceptions to the general principles of Roman civil law, and like the developing of commercial law from judgements and customs they made up a separate legal world which was usually supplemented by the use of commercial arbitration to speed up the development of legal actions. Bankruptcy legislation tended to provide protection nets for those who had failed without their fault, due due to adverse economic conditions or as a result of fraudulent behaviour on the part of others ; however, it reserved severe penalties for those who sought to make illegal profits through bankruptcy proceedings, often by declaring their intent to flee (fugitive failures). In both, the prospect of a bankruptcy coincided with a loss of livelihood, temporary or continuous, and therefore with the impossibility of continuing to present itself in the social context of reference, marking a difference between the situation before the bankruptcy and after it. This situation had knock-on effects on those who went bust : requests for help and support, appeals to the authorities, refuge in relief institutions, sometimes even family dismemberment. The consequences of a failure from the point of view of social belonging, and of the representation of oneself and one's family, were generally very serious, and yet very difficult to reconstruct: the losers disappear from the documents, rarely re-emerging in the petitions addressed to the government by the family members. However, it was the fugitives who were perceived as anomalous bodies within the merchant community, as disruptors of the good reputation of merchandise in general and of the reputation of a merchant place in particular.I documenti in IRIS sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.