This paper analyses the role of peaceful and violent protest in the democratization process. We interpret the democratization process as a sequence of phases so as to allow citizens' and elites' preferences for democracy to vary according to the particular phase that a country is experiencing. By doing so we jointly model the probability of protest and of moving through different phases of democracy taking into account time-constant and time-varying unobserved heterogeneity. In particular, we develop a multivariate finite mixture model that introduces a latent variable to capture unobservable factors. On a sample of 171 countries from 1971 to 2010, we provide evidence that protest matters in all phases of democratization, especially peaceful citizens' demonstrations. On the contrary, violent protest has ambiguous consequences, as it favours initial democratic transitions but at the cost of threatening democratic consolidation. We also find that, after conditioning for economic and institutional controls, there is evidence of time-varying unobserved heterogeneity.
Questo articolo analizza il ruolo delle proteste pacifice e violente nei processi di democratizzazione. Interpretiamo il processo di democratizzazione come una sequenza di fasi in modo da consentire alle preferenze per la democrazia dei cittadini e delle élite di variare in base alla fase particolare che un paese sta vivendo. Così facendo modelliamo congiuntamente la probabilità di protesta e di attraversare diverse fasi della democrazia tenendo conto dell'eterogeneità inosservata costante e variabile nel tempo. In particolare, sviluppiamo un modello multivariate finite mixture che introduce una variabile latente per catturare fattori non osservabili. Su un campione di 171 paesi dal 1971 al 2010, forniamo evidenze che la protesta è importante in tutte le fasi della democratizzazione, soprattutto quando viene espressa pacificamente. Al contrario, la protesta violenta ha conseguenze ambigue, poiché favorisce le transizioni democratiche iniziali ma a costo di minacciare il consolidamento democratico. Inoltre, controllando per i fattori economici e istituzionali, vi sono prove di eterogeneità non osservata variabile nel tempo.
The democratization process: An empirical appraisal of the role of political protest
Cellini M;
2020
Abstract
This paper analyses the role of peaceful and violent protest in the democratization process. We interpret the democratization process as a sequence of phases so as to allow citizens' and elites' preferences for democracy to vary according to the particular phase that a country is experiencing. By doing so we jointly model the probability of protest and of moving through different phases of democracy taking into account time-constant and time-varying unobserved heterogeneity. In particular, we develop a multivariate finite mixture model that introduces a latent variable to capture unobservable factors. On a sample of 171 countries from 1971 to 2010, we provide evidence that protest matters in all phases of democratization, especially peaceful citizens' demonstrations. On the contrary, violent protest has ambiguous consequences, as it favours initial democratic transitions but at the cost of threatening democratic consolidation. We also find that, after conditioning for economic and institutional controls, there is evidence of time-varying unobserved heterogeneity.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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