Hyaluronic acid as a (bio)ink for extrusion-based 3D printing

Biofabrication is enriching the tissue engineering field with new ways of producing structurallyorganized complex tissues. Among the numerous bioinks under investigation, hyaluronic acid(HA) and its derivatives stand out for their biological relevance, cytocompatibility, shear-thinningproperties, and potential to fine-tune the desired properties with chemical modification. In thispaper, we review the recent advances on bioinks containing HA. The available literature ispresented based on subjects including the rheological properties in connection with printability,the chemical strategies for endowing HA with the desired properties, the clinical application, themost advanced preclinical studies, the advantages and limitations in comparison with similarbiopolymer-based bioinks, and future perspectives.