Structure, evolution and functional inference on the Mildew Locus O (MLO) gene family in three cultivated Cucurbitaceae spp.

Background: The powdery mildew disease affects thousands of plant species and arguably represents the majorfungal threat for many Cucurbitaceae crops, including melon (Cucumis melo L.), watermelon (Citrullus lanatus L.)and zucchini (Cucurbita pepo L.). Several studies revealed that specific members of the Mildew Locus O (MLO) genefamily act as powdery mildew susceptibility factors. Indeed, their inactivation, as the result of gene knock-out orknock-down, is associated with a peculiar form of resistance, referred to as mlo resistance.Results: We exploited recently available genomic information to provide a comprehensive overview of the MLO genefamily in Cucurbitaceae. We report the identification of 16 MLO homologs in C. melo, 14 in C. lanatus and 18 in C. pepogenomes. Bioinformatic treatment of data allowed phylogenetic inference and the prediction of several ortholog pairsand groups. Comparison with functionally characterized MLO genes and, in C. lanatus, gene expression analysis, resultedin the detection of candidate powdery mildew susceptibility factors. We identified a series of conserved amino acidresidues and motifs that are likely to play a major role for the function of MLO proteins. Finally, we performed a codonbasedevolutionary analysis indicating a general high level of purifying selection in the three Cucurbitaceae MLO genefamilies, and the occurrence of regions under diversifying selection in candidate susceptibility factors.Conclusions: Results of this study may help to address further biological questions concerning the evolution andfunction of MLO genes. Moreover, data reported here could be conveniently used by breeding research, aiming toselect powdery mildew resistant cultivars in Cucurbitaceae.