Tomato brown rugose fruit virus: A pathogen that is changing the tomato production worldwide

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L., family Solanaceae) represents one of the most cultivated horticultural crops worldwide, with over 5 million hectares of cultivated area and more than 182 million tons of tomato produced globally. Nevertheless, monoculture conditions, intensive selection, domestication throughout the last decades, international trade of infected propagating material and climate changes intensely favoured the establishment of many pathogens and the rapid spread of new diseases, allowing organisms to establish in new and unfavourable environments. Among different biotic agents, viruses are the most dangerous, because of their rapid diffusion and production losses. Here, we review an emerging viral threat to tomato production, tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV), a new highly infectious tobamovirus that is currently causing great concern to tomato global production, especially in those areas where mitigation measures are absent or inadequate and which, in recent years, it has considerably increased its diffusion in new tomato cultivation areas. Through a review of all the existing literature, this article highlights the following aspects: (a) main characteristic of tomato species (origin, taxonomy and genome); (b) main diseases that undermine the tomato production, focusing on viral pathogens; (c) ToBRFV main characteristics (origin and spatiotemporal dispersal, taxonomy, genome organisation, host range and symptoms, transmission, spread and epidemiology, and genetic diversity); (d) detection methods developed and disease management; (e) breeding as a new weapon to control the ToBRFV diffusion. Moreover, future perspectives are highlighted, to understand the epidemiology key factors and the ToBRFV-tomato pathosystem management, in order to develop effective and appropriate control strategies.