Stratigraphy, volcano tectonics and evolution of the Colli Albani volcanic field

The Colli Albani volcano has been active since c. 600 ka and is presently quiescent. Rock stratigraphy indicates that the activity of the volcano has undergone major changes in terms of eruption style, average eruption rate and location of active vents. The chemistry of the Colli Albani products is remarkably mafic, K-rich and silica undersaturated. Nevertheless, the volcano has experienced all types of eruption styles, from plinian explosive paroxysms, to milder strombolian and hawaiian eruptions, to effusive, including large- and small-scale phreatomagmatism. The first period of activity of the volcano is termed the Vulcano Laziale' period, and lasted from c. 600 ka to c. 355 ka. During this period, the volcanism was predominantly explosive, with an average eruption rate of 1 km3ka-1. At least seven intermediate- to large-volume ignimbrites (VEI 5-7) were erupted and emplaced over an area larger than 1600 km2, forming an extensive ignimbrite shield around the central, continuously forming c. 8×8 km2 caldera. The caldera complex and the ignimbrite shield are named the 'Vulcano Laziale edifice'. The Vulcano Laziale edifice can in turn be subdivided into a lower 'Pisolitic Tuffs succession' (c. 600-500 ka), in which ignimbrites are dominated by large-scale phreatomagmatism associated with the likely presence of an early caldera lake, and an overlying 'Pozzolane Tuffs succession', in which ignimbrites show a dominantly magmatic fragmentation style, probably in response to progressive exhaustion of the caldera lake. The typical succession of these malic ignimbrites is composed of a sub-plinain to plinian basal scoria fall deposit covcred by the main dark scoria and ash tabular ignimbrite sheet found as far as >30 km from the caldera rim and across ridges several hundreds metres in elevation, and is characterized by co-ignimbrite breccias at proximal locations. Major ignimbrites erupted with an average interval of c. 40 ka. After each paroxysmal ignimbrite eruption, volcanic activity was predominantly effusive to mild explosive, and was concentrated along peri-caldera fissure systems, forming continuous scoria cone and lava ridges, together with more explosive eruptions from intracaldera vents. The last major caldera-forming eruption of the Vulcano Laziale period occurred at c. 355 ka, emplacing the ignimbrites of the Villa Senni formation. Following this eruption, the complex Tuscolano-Artemisio peri- and extracaldera fissure system, predominantly composed of scoria cones and lavas, formed in response to the deflation of the caldera and peri-caldera area, together with formation of the intracaldera Faete stratovolcano. These edifices were emplaced between c. 355 and c. 180 ka, an interval termed the 'Tuscolano-Artemisio-Faete period'. Although similar peri-caldera and intracaldera activity occurred earlier, that is. after each major caldera-forming eruption during Ihe Vulcano Laziale period, ihe Tuscolano-Artemisio-Faete period was subject to a significant reduction in average eruption rate, by one order of magnitude, of 0.1 km' ka '. which can be related to a consistent reduction in the deep recharging of the plumbing system, and suggesting why no further ignimbrite eruptions occurred after 355 ka. Peri-caldera activity began along ihe northern and eastern peri-caldera ring fractures (Tuscolano and Artemisio sections, respectively) and after c. 300 ka progressively migrated outwards to extracaldera positions (Pantano Borghese section) and to the western peri-caldera fractures (S. Maria delle Mole section). The activity of these latter fracture systems ended almost simultaneosly, together with that of the Faete intracaldera stratovolcano, between c. 280 and c. 250 ka. After 250 ka, activity migrated to the south (Monte Due Torri section). The most recent activity alon