The Nagoya Protocol and the implementation of the principle of Access and Benefit Sharing with particular reference to the user compliance pillar|Il Protocollo di Nagoya e l'attuazione del principio di Access and Benefit Sharing con particolare riferimento all'user compliance pillar

The principle of Access and Benefit Sharing (ABS) in the context of natural resources (and in particular of genetic resources) sets forth the duty for the States and the firms that wish to have access to these resources to sign an agreement with the provider (Mutually Agreed Terms - MAT) on the basis of a Previous Informed Consent - PIC. This agreement must envisage the benefits to be shared - that may be may be monetary or non-monetary - in favour of both the provider and the local or indigenous populations whose traditional knowledge is associated with genetic resources. This paper focuses on some legal issues of the Nagoya Protocol on Ac-cess and Benefit Sharing with particular reference to the duties of the users of ge-netic resources ('user compliance pillar'). To date, in fact, the legal analysis mainly focuses on the duties of the providers of genetic resources ('provider pillar'), since it is their primary interest to adopt ABS legislation. However, it is clear that an ef-fective ABS regime must also be based on an adequate implementation mechanism by the users' side. In this regard, the European Union (EU) has adopted Regulation No. 511/2014 (the ABS Regulation), that establishes clear due diligence duties upon Member States with the goal of avoiding and identifying cases of violations of the Protocol. This Regulation confirms the EU ambition to guarantee high standards of environmental protection.