EARLINET observations of Saharan dust intrusions over the northern Mediterranean region (2014-2017): properties and impact on radiative forcing

Remote sensing measurements of aerosols using depolarization Raman lidar systems from four EARLINET (European Aerosol Research Lidar Network) stations are used for a comprehensive analysis of Saharan dust events over the Mediterranean basin in the period 2014-2017. In this period, 51 dust events regarding the geometrical, optical and microphysical properties of dust were selected, classified and assessed according to their radiative forcing effect on the atmosphere. From west to east, the stations of Granada, Potenza, Athens and Limassol were selected as representative Mediterranean cities regularly affected by Saharan dust intrusions. Emphasis was given on lidar measurements in the visible (532 nm) and specifically on the consistency of the particle linear depolarization ratio (delta(p532)), the extinction-to-backscatter lidar ratio (LR532) and the aerosol optical thickness (AOT(532)) within the observed dust layers. We found mean delta(p532) values of 0.24 +/- 0.05, 0.26 +/- 0.06, 0.28 +/- 0.05 and 0.28 +/- 0.04, mean LR532 values of 52 +/- 8, 51 +/- 9, 52 +/- 9 and 49 +/- 6 sr and mean AOT(532) values of 0.40 +/- 0.31, 0.11 +/- 0.07, 0.12 +/- 0.10 and 0.32 +/- 0.17, for Granada, Potenza, Athens and Limassol, respectively. The mean layer thickness values were found to range from similar to 1700 to similar to 3400 m a.s.l. Additionally, based also on a previous aerosol type classification scheme provided by airborne High Spectral Resolution Lidar (HSRL) observations and on air mass backward trajectory analysis, a clustering analysis was performed in order to identify the mixing state of the dusty layers over the studied area. Furthermore, a synergy of lidar measurements and modeling was used to analyze the solar and thermal radiative forcing of airborne dust in detail. In total, a cooling behavior in the solar range and a significantly lower heating behavior in the thermal range was estimated. Depending on the dust optical and geometrical properties, the load intensity and the solar zenith angle (SZA), the estimated solar radiative forcing values range from -59 to -22 W m(-2) at the surface and from -24 to -1 W m(-2) at the top of the atmosphere (TOA) Similarly, in the thermal spectral range these values range from +2 to +4 W m(-2) for the surface and from +1 to +3 W m(-2) for the TOA. Finally, the radiative forcing seems to be inversely proportional to the dust mixing ratio, since higher absolute values are estimated for less mixed dust layers.