Sediment quality of the Ridracoli fresh water reservoir in Italy: Insights from aqua regia digestion and sequential extractions

ABSTR A C T The inter-element relationships and the forms in which metals exist strongly influence their mobility and, in turn, have a signature on the environment and human health. Located in the northern Apennines within the Emilia-Romagna re-gion, the Ridracoli artificial lake is one of Italy's most important reservoirs that provides drinking water for about one million people. This work characterized the reservoir sediments by ICP-MS after aqua regia digestion (ARD), compar-ing the limits by law to assess environmental compliance and XRF data from the same sample-set taken as total con-centrations. The Degree of Extraction (DE) from pseudo-total concentrations of ARD analysis allows assessing elements mobility and the associated environmental risk. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) on the obtained data helped to investigate inter-element relationships better; for example, we observed carbonate-sourced sediments, many trace elements (e.g., Ni, Zn) linked to FeMn oxyhydroxides, the importance of the grain size in elements distri-bution, and the central role of the organic matter in element partitioning. In addition, a Sequential Extraction Proce-dure (SEP) was applied to the sediment samples to understand the partitioning of many analytes, including Potentially Harmful Elements (PHE) such as Fe, Mn, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb, and Zn. The results indicated that the most easily mobilized forms were predominant in the area near the dam, in correspondence to sediments affected by the formation of a seasonal anoxic layer.