Sweet chestnut forests under black locust invasion threat and different management: An assessment of stand structure and biodiversity

Sweet chestnut forests in Europe are impacted by management abandonment, non-native species invasions and diseases, among other factors. Understanding the effects of these factors is crucial for forecasting future biodi-versity changes, as well as proposing appropriate planning and management strategies. We studied sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) and black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) dominated forests within three hillylandscapes (Euganean hills, Montello, and Berici hills) of north-eastern Italy. We surveyed 25 paired sweet chestnut and black locust dominated plots of 100 m2 representing coppice or over-aged stands. We collected andanalysed data related to vascular plant composition and richness, soil physical features (moisture content, shear strength and penetration resistance), ammonia-oxidising archaea in the soil, and stand structure features.Composition of vascular plants differed significantly between the two forest types, without the influence of management regime. Soil characteristics did not change comparing forest types, management regimes and theirinteraction, except for soil moisture that was higher in coppice forests. Ammonia-oxidising archaea abundance was lower in sweet chestnut stands. Sweet chestnut and black locust forests have a similar stand structure. Themanagement regime played a role in determining mean diameter, number of stems and deadwood volume. We suggest adopting a heterogeneous array of silviculture practices to achieve the highest variety of forest structuresand plant composition in Mediterranean hilly landscapes, coupled with management practices aimed at black locust control.