Electronic Nose and Tongue for Assessing Human Microbiota

The technological developments of recent times have allowed the use of innovative approaches to support the diagnosis of various diseases. Many of such clinical conditions are often associated with metabolic unbalance, in turn producing an alteration of the gut microbiota even during asymptomatic stages. As such, studies regarding the microbiota composition in biological fluids obtained by humans are continuously growing, and the methodologies for their investigation are rapidly changing, making it less invasive and more affordable. To this extent, Electronic Nose and Electronic Tongue tools are gaining importance in the relevant field, making them a useful alternative--or support--to traditional analytical methods. In light of this, the present manuscript seeks to investigate the development and use of such tools in the gut microbiota assessment according to the current literature. Significant gaps are still present, particular           rly concerning the Electronic Tongue systems, however the current evidence highlights the strong potential such tools own to enter the daily clinical practice, with significant advancement concerning the patients' acceptability and cost saving for healthcare providers.