Innovative solutions for the extraction of vitamins from pharmaceutical and biological samples

Progresses in material science are revolutionizing sample preparation, leading to the development of more efficient, sensitive and selective analytical methods. In particular, the evolution of solid-phase extraction towards miniaturized techniques is closely related to the introduction of nanomaterials as new sorbents. Microextraction techniques, both solid-based and liquid-based, allow for the reduction of solvent and sample volumes, as well as the sample processing times. In many cases these procedures are also environmentally friendly. Moreover, the substitution of traditional organic solvents with the neoteric ones is another current trend in analytical chemistry. This review highlights the potential of innovative sample preparation strategies towards a demanding task, such as the isolation of vitamins from matrices of different complexity, focusing on the literature of last 5 years.