Occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields in magnetic resonance environment: an update on regulation, exposure assessment techniques, health risk evaluation, and surveillance (Sept, 10.1007/s11517-021-02435-6, 2021)

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is one of the most-used diagnostic imaging methods worldwide. There are ~50,000 MRIscanners worldwide each of which involves a minimum of five workers from different disciplines who spend their workingdays around MRI scanners. This review analyzes the state of the art of literature about the several aspects of the occupationalexposure to electromagnetic fields (EMF) in MRI: regulations, literature studies on biological effects, and health surveillanceare addressed here in detail, along with a summary of the main approaches for exposure assessment. The original researchpapers published from 2013 to 2021 in international peer-reviewed journals, in the English language, are analyzed, togetherwith documents published by legislative bodies. The key points for each topic are identified and described together withuseful tips for precise safeguarding of MRI operators, in terms of exposure assessment, studies on biological effects, andhealth surveillance.