Management options for non-native forest pests along their invasion pathway

Not a single year goes by without European forests being invaded by new alien speciesof insect herbivore or pathogenic fungi. This ever-increasing flow of alien pests (Santiniet al. 2013; Roques et al. 2020) is clearly linked to the increase in international trade,in particular to containers containing wood packaging material such as wooden crates,dunnage, pallets, or potted plants where wood- or plant-living insects and pathogenscan hide (Meurisse et al. 2019). In 2021, about 60 million containers arrived in European ports (Eurostat 2022), more than 150,000 every day