Exploratory analyses of sexual size dimorphism (SSD) and sexual dichromatism (SD) in free-living purple herons (Ardea purpurea)

Ardeidae tend to exhibit low sexual dimorphism, both in size and plumage coloration, making sexattribution in the field challenging for both birdwatchers and ringers. Here, we assessed whether biometrics andplumage patterns are a good proxy for sex assignment in the Purple Heron (Ardea purpurea). We based our workon 27 molecularly-sexed free-living adults captured in Italy and Romania during the breeding season from 2018 to2021. We found significant sexual size dimorphism in the beak, which resulted longer in males, but not in weight,wing, tarsus or sternum length. Birds with darker plumages, stronger contrast between reddish ornamental feathersand blackish mantle were classified as males, allowing for correct sex attribution in 70% of the males and 73 % ofthe females. On the one hand, we concluded that molecular sexing is the most reliable approach for sex attributionin this species. On the other hand, we also found that trained ringers or expert observers may achieve satisfactorysex attribution rates either based on biometrics or accurate plumage observation, possibly even from a distance.