A universal multi-additive strategy to enhance efficiency and stability in inverted perovskite solar cells

Perovskite solar technology has become a trend topic in the last decade, reaching promising efficiencies up to25.7 %. Researchers mainly focused on obtaining high performance rather than caring for stability underaccelerated stress conditions, such as thermal and light soaking tests. For this reason, we studied a standard triplecation perovskite (~1.58 eV) and wider bandgap perovskite (~1.63 eV) with the scope of finding a commonstrategy to build a robust device stable over time independently of the perovskite used. We use a combination ofadditives inside the perovskite ink: ionic liquid 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (BMIM-BF4),alkylamine ligands oleylamine (OAm) and benzylhydrazine hydrochloride (BHC). Our work reveals that thecombination of these additives helps to improve the efficiency and stability of the entire device, reaching a powerconversion efficiency up to 21.3 % and over 20 % for both types of perovskite and stability beyond 1000 h undercontinuous light soaking. The universal applicability of this method was further applied to a robust methylammonium free perovskite, leading to an impressive stability both under light soaking and under 85 oC, showingT90 > 1500 h and T80 > 8658 h, respectively: the solar cells modified with the additive mixture retained 95 % oftheir efficiency after 1000 h under light soaking at 45 oC and 100 % of their efficiency after 1500 h of stress at85 oC.