Big fish eat small fish: Implications for food chain length?

Food chains in the pelagic zones of oceans and lakes are longer than in terrestrial ecosystems. The perception of the pelagic food web has become increasingly complex by progressing from a linear food chain (phytoplankton - crustacean zooplankton - planktivorous fish - predatory fish) to a food web because of an increasing appreciation of microbial trophic pathways, side-tracks by gelatinous zooplankton and a high prevalence of omnivory. The range of predator:prey size ratios by far exceeds the traditionally assumed range of 10:1 to 100:1, from almost equal length to 105:1. The size ratios between primary consumers and top predators are 3 1/2 orders of magnitude bigger in pelagic than in terrestrial food webs. Comparisons between different pelagic ecosystems support ecosystem size as an important factor regulating the maximal trophic level, while energy limitation of the number of trophic levels is less well supported. An almost 1:1 relationship between ingestion by predators and prey mortality and a better chemical match between primary producer and herbivore biomass are further distinctive features of the pelagic food web whose role in explaining the higher number of trophic levels in pelagic systems needs further examination.