In-Depth Mass Spectrometry Study of Vanadium(IV) Complexes with Model Peptides

Investigating the speciation of vanadium complexes in the presence of potential biomolecular targets under physiological conditions remains challenging, and further experimental techniques are needed to better understand the mechanism of action of potential metallodrugs. The interaction of two model peptides (angiotensin I and angiotensin II) with three well-known oxidovanadium(IV) compounds with antidiabetic and/or anticancer activity, [VIVO(pic)2(H2O)], [VIVO(ma)2], and [VIVO(dhp)2] (where pic, ma, and dhp are picolinate, maltolate, and 1,2-dimethyl-3-hydroxy-4(1H)-pyridinonate anions, respectively), was investigated by ESI-MS/MS (electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry) and complemented by EPR (electron paramagnetic resonance) spectroscopy measurements and theoretical calculations at the DFT (density functional theory) level. The results demonstrated that vanadium-peptide bonds are preserved after HCD (higher energy collisional dissociation) fragmentation, allowing for the identification of binding sites through a detailed analysis of the fragmentation spectra. Angiotensin I (AT1) and angiotensin II (AT2) exhibited different coordination behaviors. AT1, with two His residues (His6, His9), prefers to form [AT1 + VOL] adducts with both histidine residues coordinated to the metal ion, while AT2, which has only His6, can bind the metal in a monodentate fashion, forming also [AT2 + VOL2] adducts. Insights from this study pave the way to ESI-MS/MS investigations of more complex systems, including target proteins and further development of vanadium-based drugs.