DEVELOPMENT OF A DETAILED MULTIPHYSICS MODEL FOR THE DYNAMIC PERFORMANCES OF X-EV ON REAL DRIVING CYCLES

This study addresses the gap in literature regarding the performance characterization of x-EVs, specifically BEVs, in real-driving scenarios. A multiphysics numerical model, simulating the dynamic evolution of key parameters over different driving cycles, has been proposed and verified against both SoC measurements and standard performances over WLTP cycles, demonstrating good predictability. Subsequently, the application of this model with respect to the experimentally characterised urban, periurban, and extraurban cycles revealed that higher target velocities in extraurban profiles require more power from the battery. In contrast, urban and periurban cycles benefit from regenerative braking, with more frequent brake activations enhancing energy recovery. Lastly, the proposed model allowed to quantify the real environmental benefit related to the employment of BEVs with respect to traditional gasoline and diesel vehicles, whose performance is simulated on the same routes. Results showed a reduction in CO2 emissions during Tank-to- Wheel operations equal to 10 kgCO2, when BEVs are fully recharged with renewable electricity, and equal to 8 kgCO2 when using energy from the Italian national grid. These findings will help future studies on quantifying the benefits related to BEVs integration as distributed energy storage in a V2G layouts.