The path toward metal-halide perovskite industrialization

The advent of metal-halide perovskite solar cells has revolutionized the field of photovoltaics. The high power conversion efficiencies exceeding 26% at laboratory scale—mild temperature processing, possibility of fabrication on multiple substrates, and the easy composition-dependent band-gap tunability make perovskites suitable for both single-junction and tandem-multijunction solar cells. They are attractive in various applications, from utility-scale to building-integrated and indoor photovoltaics. To bring perovskite solar cells to maturity, the next big step is to funnel the efforts into developing reproducible and high-quality materials via high-throughput manufacturing, addressing the issues of the inherent material instability. Another key issue is the environmental sustainability associated with the presence of lead. In this perspective, a special focus is placed on real-world applications of perovskite photovoltaics, starting with material selection and deposition techniques and finally discussing the issue of stability and how to improve it toward wider industrialization.