Italian Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders: multimodal approaches of treatment and intervention

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) are pervasive disorders that impact various domains of functioning, including self-esteem, familiar and peer relationships, and academic success. The high rate of comorbidity may contribute to delayed diagnosis and treatment. Early diagnosis and intervention that aim at primary symptoms may prevent secondary disabilities and improve the outcomes. No intervention emerged as maximally effective across all symptoms and do- mains. Consequently, the complex pathophysiology of FASD emphasizes the need for individualized assess- ment and treatment by using a multimodal approach to intervention.