Italian Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders: epidemiology

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) are a significant global challenge characterized by complex diagnosis and research. The diagnostic pro- cess is complicated due to overlapping symptoms with other conditions, as well as factors such as ma- ternal nutrition, socioeconomic status, and mental health, which can affect the severity of FASD traits differently in individuals. Risky drinking behaviors are prevalent in young adults, especially those aged 20-24, which coincides with high rates of unplanned pregnancies, increasing the risk of FASD. Specific subpopulations, such as children in care facilities and specialized clinical settings, face higher FASD preva- lence. Preventing alcohol consumption during preg- nancy is crucial for maternal and fetal well-being. Yet approximately 10% of women worldwide continue to drink during pregnancy, with notably high rates in the European Region. Young adults, especially in countries like Italy, continue to consume alcohol despite legal restrictions, mirroring the drinking pat- terns of men and raising concerns for fetal health and development. Research findings regarding alco- hol’s risks during pregnancy vary, emphasizing the need for increased education on this issue. Ethylgluc- uronide (EtG) is a reliable biomarker for monitoring alcohol intake during pregnancy, suggesting regular urine examinations throughout each trimester. Proac- tive education campaigns, particularly in educational institutions, and establishing early diagnosis centers are recommended to address FASD effectively.