Efforts, Challenges, and Future Perspectives of Graphene-Based (Bio)sensors for Biomedical Applications

Graphene has been emphasized by researchers as the most promising nanomaterial for many application fields, including energy, catalysis, electronics, remediation, and sensing. In the field of analytic sciences, the continuous demand of sensitive, portable, user-friendly, low-cost, and low-volume analyses has highlighted graphene and graphene-related nanocomposites as key components toward the implementation of graphene-based (bio)sensors. This chapter provides the opportunity to summarize and critically evaluate the recent developments of graphene-based electrochemical devices that have been applied in biomedical field, for the detection of a wide variety of analytes of interest ranging from small compounds to nucleic acids, antibodies, proteins, and bacteria. Particular focus will interest graphene-based lab-on-a-chip (LOC) devices that have been (or will be) capable to answer the important query introduced by the World Health Organization (WHO) toward the development of affordable, sensitive, specific, user-friendly, rapid and robust, equipment-free and deliverable to end users (ASSURED) devices and to replace traditional approaches in the biomedical self-diagnostic field.