Biofabricated nanostructures and their composites in regenerative medicine

Biosynthesis of nanomaterials is gaining attention as a sustainable,environmentally friendly, and reliable method for manufacturing a extensive array ofnanostructures, such as metal/metal oxides and organic and hybrid materials. Greensynthesis is considered a crucial tool to reduce the harsh effects associated withconventional synthesis. Nanocomposite materials containing biosynthesized nanostruc-tures are highly sought after in regenerative medicine. In the present Review, biosynthesisof metal/metal oxides and carbon-based nanomaterials using microorganisms (e.g.,bacteria and fungi) and natural compounds (e.g., polysaccharides, proteins, fruit juices,and plant extracts) is highlighted. The toxicity of biosynthesized nanoparticles forbiomedical application is also reviewed in depth. The applications of bionanocompositesprepared from these ecofriendly nanoparticles in tissue engineering are reviewed toprovide readers with a background for future studies