Advancements in Cancer Research: 3D Models, Single-Cell, and Live-Cell Techniques for Better Insights

The present review provides a comprehensive overview of the current state ofin vitro cancer studies, focusing on recent advancements and ongoing in cellculture models and analyses techniques. Cancer cells grow in a complex anddynamic environment, interacting with various cellular components, such asstromal cells, cancer-associated fibroblasts, immune cells, and theextracellular matrix (ECM). The ECM provides structural support and uniquecharacteristics essential for tumorigenesis. Accurately modeling this intricatetumor microenvironment and precisely analyzing cell–cell and cell–ECMinteractions are crucial for understanding cancer progression and therapeuticresponses. Consequently, oncology research is advancing toward a)three-dimensional tumor models, b) single-cell level analyses, and c) live-cellanalyses. This review aims to elucidate current knowledge in this field,emphasizing the benefits these innovative approaches offer over traditionaltwo-dimensional models, bulk analyses, and endpoint measurements.