Intercomparison of aerosol measurements performed with multi-wavelength Raman lidars, automatic lidars and ceilometers in the frame of {INTERACT}-{II} campaign

Following the previous efforts of INTERACT (INTERcomparison of Aerosol and Cloud Tracking), the INTERACT-II campaign used multi-wavelength Raman li- dar measurements to assess the performance of an automatic compact micro-pulse lidar (MiniMPL) and two ceilometers (CL51 and CS135) in providing reliable information about optical and geometric atmospheric aerosol properties. The campaign took place at the CNR-IMAA Atmospheric Ob- servatory (760 m a.s.l.; 40.60◦N, 15.72◦E) in the framework of ACTRIS-2 (Aerosol Clouds Trace gases Research InfraS- tructure) H2020 project. Co-located simultaneous measure- ments involving a MiniMPL, two ceilometers and two EAR- LINET multi-wavelength Raman lidars were performed from July to December 2016. The intercomparison highlighted that the MiniMPL range-corrected signals (RCSs) show, on average, a fractional difference with respect to those of CNR- IMAA Atmospheric Observatory (CIAO) lidars ranging from 5 to 15 % below 2.0 km a.s.l. (above sea level), largely due to the use of an inaccurate overlap correction, and smaller than 5 % in the free troposphere. For the CL51, the atten- uated backscatter values have an average fractional differ- ence with respect to CIAO lidars <20–30 % below 3 km and larger above. The variability of the CL51 calibration constant is within ±46 %. For the CS135, the performance is similar to the CL51 below 2.0 km a.s.l., while in the region above 3 km a.s.l.the differences are about ±40 %. The variability of the CS135 normalization constant is within ±47 %. Finally, additional tests performed during the campaign using the CHM15k ceilometer operated at CIAO showed the clear need to investigate the CHM15k historical dataset (2010–2016) to evaluate potential effects of ceilometer laser fluctuations on calibration stability. The number of laser pulses shows an average variability of 10 % with respect to the nominal power which conforms to the ceilometer specifications. Nevertheless, laser pulses variability follows sea- sonal behavior with an increase in the number of laser pulses in summer and a decrease in winter. This contributes to ex- plain the dependency of the ceilometer calibration constant on the environmental temperature hypothesized during INTERACT.