Flexible Carbon-based electrodes for amperometric biosensor development

This study presents the development of second-generation wearable biosensor arrays using printed electrode technology with a homemade water-based graphite ink. The electrodes were prepared by stencil-printing, then modified with [Os(bpy)2(Cl)(PVI)10] to facilitate electron transfer from lactate oxidase (LOx) and glucose oxidase (GOx). These biosensor arrays exhibit a low limit of detection, high sensitivities, and selectivity when tested in both buffer solution and artificial sweat. They also demonstrate good operational/storage stability, retaining about 80% of the initial signal after 20 days. Integrated into a wristband, the biosensors were successfully tested for continuous monitoring of L-lactate and D-glucose in a healthy volunteer during daily activities. This technology holds potential for real-time wearable applications in different fields, ranging from sports to medicine and healthcare.