Flexible Enzyme-based Fuel Cell Integrated with Hydrogel Electrolyte

In this study, we introduce a novel enzymatic fuel cell (EFC) utilizing stencil printed electrodes modified with specific enzymes. These electrodes are assembled in two configurations: one with a liquid electrolyte and another with six EFCs connected in series, resembling a Voltaic pile. The second configuration significantly improves performance, achieving an open circuit voltage (OCV) of 2.36 ± 0.22 V and a maximum power output of 22.9 ± 0.9 μW at a cell voltage of 1.95 V (using 10 mM D-glucose). This approach showcases potential for renewable power sources and could be crucial for powering implantable bioelectronics like pacemakers.